READING & WRITING Flashcards
It is a tool in generating creative and rich ideas. It helps establish patterns of ideas, develop new ways of thinking, activate background knowledge, and overcome mental block.
BRAINSTORMING
Types of Brainstorming
- Individual
- Group
Produces more ideas
Individual
Better in solving more complicated problems because it produces ideas that are wider in range and greater in depth
Group
METHODS IN BRAINSTORMING
Idea List
Idea Map
Involves listing ideas about a topic. Appropriate to textual people
Idea List
Is a structured way of presenting ideas and their connections with one another. Appropriate to visual people
Idea Map
Are visual representations of concepts that help us structure information into organizational patterns.
Graphic Organizers
Graphic Organizers
- Venn Diagram
- Network Tree
- Spider Map
- Problem-Solution Map
- Timeline
- Fishbone Map
- Cycle
- Persuasion Map
Is used to compare and contrast ideas by using overlapping circles to show similar and different attributes.
Venn Diagram
Is used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching. Is useful in showing relationships of scientific categories, family trees and lineages.
Network Tree
Is used to enumerate various aspects of a central idea.
Spider Map
Displays the nature of a problem and how it can be solved. Usually contains the problem’s description, its causes and solutions.
Problem-Solution Map
Is used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar labelled with dates and specific events. Linear or comparative
Timeline
Is used to understand the causal relationship of a complex phenomenon. Shows the factors that cause an event and the details of each cause.
Fishbone Map
Describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results repeatedly
Cycle
Is used to map out arguments and evidence that prove a viewpoint.
Persuasion Map
It is a tool for organizing ideas used as a post-reading activity.
Outlining
Types of Outlining
- Decimal Outline
- Alphanumeric outline
formats utilize Arabic numerals to list main points.
Decimal Outline
use numbers, letters, and periods to organize information.
Alphanumeric outline
PRINCIPLES OF AN OUTLINE:
- Coordination
- Subordination
- Division
- Parallel Construction
This principle requires ideas of the same relevance to be labelled in the same way.
Coordination
This principle shows that minor details have to be placed under their respective major details.
Subordination
This principle requires that no cluster should contain only one item.
Division
This principle requires all entries in each cluster to use the same structure and format.
Parallel Construction
Uses words and phrases as its entries.
TOPIC OUTLINE
Uses complete sentences as its entries.
SENTENCE OUTLINE
It is the logical arrangement of ideas that helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better.
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
- DEFINITION
- EXEMPLIFICATION
- DESCRIPTION
- CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE
- LISTING
- COMPARISON-CONTRAST
- CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION
- CAUSE AND EFFECT
- PROBLEM-SOLUTION
- PERSUASION
Clarifies and explains concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?”
DEFINITION
Presents the general statement and provides examples to expound on the main idea
EXEMPLIFICATION
Sensory pattern & Spatial pattern
DESCRIPTION
- Ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses
Sensory pattern
- Arranges ideas by location or physical space.
Spatial pattern
Organizes ideas or events according to time, either in the form of a narration or a process
CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE
Organizes ideas using enumeration and presents a series of items (facts, examples) that support a main idea
LISTING
Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another
COMPARISON-CONTRAST
Organizes ideas into categories or divisions
CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION
Organizes details based on the cause, the reason and the result
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
Organizes idea to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument
PERSUASION
Identify the pattern of development.
The students prepared different presentations during the program, such as vocal performance, musical skit, cheer dance presentation, etc.
CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION
Identify the pattern of development.
Samantha wore a furry shawl over her bulky black coat that feels warm to the touch and always smelled of rose petals.
DESCRIPTIVE: SENSORY PATTERN
Identify the pattern of development.
Enter the verification code received through your phone. You will receive a notification about a successful sign up. Then, you will need to log out and log back in using your updated password.
CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE
Identify the pattern of development.
I noticed I kept losing my things when I leave them on my table. I installed a secret cam to confirm my suspicion that someone is stealing from me.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
Identify the pattern of development.
Tsunami refers to a great sea wave caused by earth movement or volcanic eruption.
DEFINITION
is a group of interrelated sentences that talk about one main idea.
PARAGRAPH
is a group of paragraphs that talk about one central idea.
ESSAY
Differentiate Paragraph and Essay
Paragraph
Organized around a topic sentence
Contains introductory sentence
Uses sentences to explain major points
May use a concluding sentence
Essay
Organized around a thesis
Contains introductory paragraph
Uses paragraphs to explain major points
Always uses a concluding paragraph
A paragraph is composed of three major parts:
- Topic sentence
- Body
- Closing sentence
Introduction
- Lead
- Transitional statement
- Thesis statement
Aims to hook the readers
Lead or attention-getter
Links the lead to the thesis statement
Transitional statement
States the main idea
Thesis statement
Body
- Major points
- Minor details
Conclusion
- Reiteration of thesis statement
- Transitional statement
- Closing statement
- Its major function is to bridge one paragraph to another.
TRANSITIONAL PARAGRAPH
- It is the meat of the essay. It discusses the thesis statement in detail.
BODY
- Restatement of thesis statement
- Reiteration of thesis statement
Recommendations, benefits, purpose
- Transitional statement
Wraps up the essay
- Closing statement
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
- Coherence and Cohesion
- Unity
- Language Use
- Organization
- Mechanics
It is achieved when a composition contains one focused idea.
Unity
It occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual or idea level.
Coherence
It is the connection of ideas at the sentence level.
Cohesion
Cohesion can be applied using 3 techniques:
Use of pronouns
Use of transitional devices
Repetition of keywords
It is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.
Organization
It is one of the clearest indicators of a well-written text.
Language Use
Language should:
Use clear and concise sentences.
Avoid redundancies, wordiness, clichés and highfalutin language.
Avoid excessive use of “there” and “it” structures.
Use precise vocabulary.
Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view.
Avoid sexist language.
Use the appropriate level of formality.
It is characterized as a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize a composition.
Mechanics
MECHANICS OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
Use Standard English.
Avoid contractions.
Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation.
Mention the full name of an institution before abbreviating.
Spell out numbers from zero to ten.
Use citations.
