Reading Vocab Flashcards
conception (n)
= understanding. belief
advent (n)
the time when something first begins to be widely used.
coordinate (v)
organize
communal activity
shared activity
regulate (v)
control
wax and wane
to increase then decrease in strength, importance, etc. over a period of time.
e.g. Public interest in the issue has waxed and waned over the years.
conspicuous (adj) /kənˈspɪkjuəs/
easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention.
e.g. Its yellow skin makes it highly conspicuous.
clime (n)
a country with a particular kind of climate
formulate (v)
to create or prepare something carefully, giving particular attention to the details.
e.g. products that are specially formulated for safe use on leather.
municipal (adj)
connected with or belonging to a town, city or district that has its own local government
disseminate (v)
spread, publish, distribute
drip (v) out
drop, leak
denote (v)
indicate
inscribe (v)
to write or cut words, your name, etc. onto something.
e.g. His name was inscribed on the trophy.
scheme (n)
plan
supersede (v) [often passive] /suːpəˈsiːd/
to take the place of something/somebody that is considered to be old-fashioned or no longer the best available.
e.g. The theory has been superseded by more recent research.
commence (v)
= start
revolutionary (adj)
involving a great or complete change.
e.g. a revolutionary idea
e.g. a time of rapid and revolutionary change
e.g. revolutionary advances in medicine
e.g. The effects of technological development are revolutionary.
e.g. At the time this idea was revolutionary.
congested (adj)
full of traffic
procedure (n)
a way of doing something, especially the usual or correct way
e.g. procedure for (doing) something: The procedure for logging on to the network involves a password.
e.g. under a procedure: Any complaint has to be investigated under our complaints procedure.
e.g. according to a procedure: All experiments were performed according to standard procedures.
rudimentary (adj) /ruːdɪˈmentri/
= basic
vicinity (n)
the area around a particular place
e.g. There is no hospital in the immediate vicinity.
purely (adv)
only; completely
e.g. The charity is run on a purely voluntary basis.
e.g. She took the job purely and simply for the money.
metropolitan (adj) /metrəˈpɒlɪtən/
connected with a large or capital city
fortuitous (adj) /fɔːˈtjuːɪtəs/
happening by chance, especially a lucky chance that brings a good result
e.g. His success depended on a fortuitous combination of circumstances.
margin of error
sai số
bring/put something into effect
to cause something to come into use
e.g. The recommendations will soon be put into effect.
virtually (adv)
almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important
e.g. to be virtually impossible
e.g. Virtually all students will be exempt from the tax.
e.g. He virtually admitted he was guilty.
This year’s results are virtually the same as last year’s.
blanket (v)
to cover something completely with a thick layer
e.g. The ground was soon blanketed with snow.
bind (v) - bound - bound
to force somebody to do something by making them promise to do it or by making it their duty to do it
e.g. bind somebody (to something): He had been bound to secrecy (= made to promise not to tell people about something).
e.g. bind somebody to do something: The agreement binds her to repay the debt within six months.
impose the restriction
đưa ra lệnh cấm
afford (v)
provide somebody with something
e.g. The legislation aims to afford protection to employees.
e.g. Being a college professor affords you the opportunity simply to write and do research.
reliance (n)
dependence
e.g. Such learning methods encourage too great a reliance upon the teacher.
e.g. The study programme concentrates more on group work and places less reliance on (= depends less on) lectures.
necessitate (v) /nəˈsesɪteɪt/
to make something necessary
e.g. Recent financial scandals have necessitated changes in parliamentary procedures.
e.g. Increased traffic necessitated widening the road.
e.g. His new job necessitated him/his getting up at six.
devise (v)
to invent something new or a new way of doing something
e.g. A new system has been devised to control traffic in the city.
e.g. specially devised tests
designate (v) /ˈdezɪɡneɪt/
to describe somebody/something in a particular way
e.g. be designated (as) something: This area has been designated (as) a National Park.
e.g. The school has been designated a specialist science academy.
e.g. be designated (as being/having something): Several pupils were designated as having moderate or severe learning difficulties.
e.g. a designated nature reserve
e.g. designated seats for the elderly
realm (n) /relm/
an area of activity, interest or knowledge
e.g. in the realm of something in the realm of literature
e.g. At the end of the speech he seemed to be moving into the realms of fantasy.
encompass (v) /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/
to include a large number or range of things
e.g. The job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities.
e.g. The group encompasses all ages.
govern (v)
to control or influence somebody/something or how something happens, functions, etc.
e.g. We need changes in the law governing school attendance.
e.g. Prices are governed by market demand.
e.g. All his decisions have been entirely governed by self-interest.
spark (v)
to cause something to start or develop, especially suddenly
e.g. spark something: The proposal would spark a storm of protest around the country.
e.g. Winds brought down power lines, sparking a fire.
e.g. The organizers are hoping to spark some interest in young people.
e.g. spark something off: The riots were sparked off by the arrest of a local leader.
derision (n)
sự chế giễu
e.g. Her speech was greeted with howls of derision.
e.g. He became an object of universal derision.
implication (n)
a possible effect or result of an action or a decision
e.g. The research has far-reaching implications for medicine as a whole.
something that is suggested or indirectly stated (= something that is implied)
e.g. The implication in his article is that being a housewife is greatly inferior to every other occupation.
on the brink of collapse
trên bờ vực sụp đổ
definitive (adj) /dɪˈfɪnətɪv/
final; not able to be changed
e.g. Clearly, this study can not provide a definitive answer.
[usually before noun] considered to be the best of its kind and almost impossible to improve
e.g. the definitive biography of Einstein
e.g. the definitive guide to the golf courses of Europe
concur (v) /kənˈkɜː(r)/
to agree
e.g. concur (with somebody) (in something): Historians have concurred with each other in this view.
e.g. concur with something: The coroner concurred with this assessment.
e.g. concur that…: Scientists generally concur that climate change is a reality.
faint (adj)
that cannot be clearly seen, heard or smelt
e.g. a faint glow/glimmer/light
e.g. a faint smell of perfume
e.g. We saw the faint outline of the mountain through the mist.
[not before noun] feeling weak and tired and likely to become unconscious
e.g. She suddenly felt faint.
e.g. The walkers were faint from hunger.
swamp (v)
tràn ngập
e.g. swamp somebody/something with something: The department was swamped with job applications.
e.g. swamp somebody/something: In summer visitors swamp the island.
sit in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room
ngồi trên những chiếc ghế ngả mềm trong một căn phòng kín
flaw (n)
a mistake in something that means that it is not correct or does not work correctly
e.g. The argument is full of fundamental flaws.
e.g. There is still a basic flaw in your selection procedure.
plausible (adj)
reasonable and likely to be true
e.g. There was no way the story could be made to sound even remotely plausible.
esoteric (adj) /iːsəˈterɪk/
likely to be understood or enjoyed by only a few people with a special knowledge or interest
e.g. a programme of music for everyone, even those with the most esoteric taste
e.g. Specialist dictionaries may be required to understand some of the more esoteric texts.
entanglement (n) [U]
a difficult or complicated relationship with another person or country
e.g. emotional/political entanglements
e.g. This affair did not prevent an entanglement with another of his co-stars.
prompt (v)
to make somebody decide to do something; to cause something to happen
e.g. prompt something: The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.
e.g. His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd.
e.g. prompt somebody to do something: The thought of her daughter’s wedding day prompted her to lose some weight.
probe (v)
to ask questions in order to find out secret or hidden information about somebody/something
e.g. probe (into something): He didn’t like the media probing into his past.
e.g. probe something: a TV programme that probed government scandals in the 1990s.
molten (adj)
(of metal, rock or glass) heated to a very high temperature so that it becomes liquid
e.g. molten lead
harden (v) [intransitive, transitive]
to become or make something become solid or stiff
e.g. The varnish takes a few hours to harden.
e.g. harden something: a method for hardening and preserving wood
harden (v) somebody/something/yourself [transitive]
to make somebody less kind or less affected by extreme situations
e.g. They were hardened criminals (= they showed no regret for their crimes).
e.g. In this job you have to harden your heart to pain and suffering.
e.g. Life has hardened me.
e.g. I need to harden myself against disappointment.
unblemished (adj)
not spoiled, damaged or marked in any way
e.g. He had an unblemished reputation.
e.g. her pale unblemished skin
e.g. The team had a previously unblemished record (= they had not lost any games).
tinted (adj)
having a small amount of colour added
e.g. tinted glasses
e.g. tinted windows/lenses
refine (v)
to make a substance pure by taking other substances out of it
e.g. The process of refining oil produces several useful chemicals.
e.g. supplies of the highly refined white sugar
furnace (n)
lò lửa
mar (v)
to damage something or make something less good or successful
e.g. The game was marred by the behaviour of drunken fans.
e.g. Sadly, the text is marred by careless errors.
e.g. It was a really nice day, marred only by a little argument in the car on the way home.
e.g. I hope the fact that Louise isn’t coming won’t mar your enjoyment of the evening.
inspection (n)
the act of looking closely at something/somebody, especially to check that everything is as it should be (= examination)
grain (n)
[countable] (used especially in negative sentences): a very small amount
e.g. There isn’t a grain of truth in those rumours.
e.g. If he had a grain of sensitivity he wouldn’t have asked her about her divorce.
tremor (n)
a slight shaking movement in a part of your body caused, for example, by cold or fear
e.g. There was a slight tremor in his voice.
e.g. She felt a tremor of fear run through her.
ripple (n)
a small wave on the surface of a liquid, especially water in a lake, etc.
e.g. The air was so still that there was hardly a ripple on the pond’s surface.
e.g. He watched the ripples spread across the pool.
[usually singular] ripple of something
a sound that gradually becomes louder and then quieter again
e.g. a ripple of applause/laughter
e.g. His remarks sent a ripple of laughter through the audience. (một tràng cười)
[usually singular] ripple of something
a feeling that gradually spreads through a person or group of people
e.g. A ripple of fear passed through him.
e.g. The announcement sent a ripple of excitement through the crowd.
unaided (adj, adv)
(formal) without help from anyone or anything
e.g. Did she produce this work unaided?
e.g. He can now walk unaided.
e.g. Photographs can show things invisible to the unaided eye.
steer something + adv./prep.
to take control of a situation and influence the way in which it develops
e.g. He managed to steer the conversation away from his divorce.
e.g. She steered the team to victory.
e.g. Schools no longer steer girls towards arts subjects.
climatic shift
biến đổi khí hậu
embark (v) on sth
= start sth
as opposed to sth
compared to sth
at the mercy of sth
phó mặc cho điều gì
e.g. Humanity has been at the mercy of climate change.
stock-raising
chăn nuôi gia súc
famine (n)
nạn đói
unprecedented (adj)
that has never happened, been done or been known before
e.g. The situation is unprecedented in modern times.
e.g. There were unprecedented scenes of violence in the city’s main square.
see-saw (v) [intransitive]
see-saw (from A to B) to keep changing from one situation, opinion, emotion, etc. to another and back again
e.g. Her emotions see-sawed from anger to fear.
e.g. Share prices see-sawed all day.
abruptly (adv)
= suddenly and unexpectedly
heatwave (n)
a period of unusually hot weather
e.g. They said on the news the heatwave is going to continue for weeks.
uniform (adj)
not changing or different in any way (thống nhất)
e.g. A proposed new framework has been widely praised for providing a uniform approach to the problem of waste disposal.
e.g. Trying to impose a uniform system in all the countries affected has proved very problematic.
e.g. uniform policies/procedures/standards
perish (v)
to die, especially in a sudden violent way
e.g. A family of four perished in the fire.
e.g. Thousands perished at the hands of the invading forces.
culminate (v) (in/with something)
to end with a particular result, or at a particular point
e.g. a gun battle which culminated in the death of two police officers
e.g. Months of hard work culminated in success.
e.g. Their summer tour will culminate at a spectacular concert in London.
commodity (n)
(formal) a thing that is useful or has a useful quality
e.g. Water is a precious commodity that is often taken for granted in the West.
e.g. Time is a very valuable commodity.
fodder (n)/ˈfɒdə(r)/
- food for horses and farm animals
- (often after a noun) people or things that are considered to have only one use
e.g. Without education, these children will end up as factory fodder (= only able to work in a factory).
e.g. He regarded lists of rules, regulations and procedures as dustbin fodder (= only fit to be thrown away).
clearance (n) [1]
[countable, uncountable] the process of removing things that are not wanted
e.g. forest clearances
e.g. slum clearance (= the process of removing houses that are in very bad condition in an area of a town)
e.g. Landscape gardeners have begun a clearance of the overgrown ground to make way for a new park.
e.g. a clearance sale (= in a shop, when goods are sold cheaply to get rid of them quickly)
clearance (n) [2]
[uncountable, countable] the amount of space or distance that is needed between two objects so that they do not touch each other
e.g. There is not much clearance for vehicles passing under this bridge.
clearance (n) [3]
[uncountable, countable] official permission that is given to somebody before they can work somewhere, have particular information, or do something they want to do
I’m waiting for clearance from headquarters.
trigger (v) sth
to make something happen suddenly
e.g. Her case triggered a wave of support around the world.
e.g. Even the smell of oranges can trigger her migraine.
proliferate (v) [intrans]
to increase rapidly in number or amount
e.g. Books and articles on the subject have proliferated over the last year.
e.g. Time passed and animal life proliferated.
soar (v) = rocket
if the value, amount or level of something soars, it rises very quickly
e.g. soaring costs/prices/temperatures
e.g. Air pollution will soon soar above safety levels.
e.g. Inflation has soared from 5 per cent to 15 per cent.
steep (adj)
- (of a slope, hill, etc.) rising or falling quickly, not gradually
e.g. a steep hill/slope
e.g. The path grew steeper as we climbed higher.
- [usually before noun] (of a rise or fall in an amount) sudden and very big
e.g. a steep decline in the birth rate
e.g. a steep rise in unemployment
- (informal) (of a price or demand) too much; unreasonable
e.g. £4 for a cup of coffee seems a little steep to me.
regime (n) /reɪˈʒiːm/
a method or system of organizing or managing something
e.g. Our tax regime is one of the most favourable in Europe.
e.g. a financial regime imposed by the government
olfaction (n)
khứu giác
odour (n) /ˈəʊdə(r)/
a smell, especially one that is unpleasant
→ body odour
aroma (n) /əˈrəʊmə/
a pleasant smell that is easy to notice
e.g. the aroma of fresh coffee
e.g. A delicious aroma was coming from the kitchen.
faculty (n) of/for (doing) something
/ˈfæklti/ (formal) a particular ability for doing something
e.g. the faculty of understanding complex issues
e.g. He had a faculty for seeing his own mistakes.
e.g. our faculty for picking up speech even in noisy environments
impair (v) sth
to damage something or make something worse
e.g. His age impaired his chances of finding a new job.
e.g. Even one drink can impair driving performance.
e.g. There are a number of factors which can directly impair memory.
e.g. a defect that significantly impairs the safety of a car
foul (adj)
/faʊl/ dirty and smelling bad
grimace (v) (at somebody/something)
/ˈɡrɪməs/ nhăn nhó
/ɡrɪˈmeɪs/
e.g. He grimaced slightly at the pain.
e.g. She grimaced in disgust.
e.g. He grimaced at the bitter taste of the medicine.
fragrant (adj)
/ˈfreɪɡrənt/ having a pleasant smell
e.g. The air was fragrant with scents from the sea and the hills.
social bonding
social connection
register (v)
[transitive, no passive, intransitive]
to notice something and remember it; to be noticed
e.g. Slowly, my mind began to register where I was: in the hospital.
feeble (adj)
- very weak
e.g. He looked feeble and confused. - not effective; not showing energy or effort
e.g. a feeble argument/excuse/joke
e.g. She made a feeble attempt to explain what had happened.
elusive (adj)
/ɪˈluːsɪv/ difficult to find, define or achieve
e.g. A solution to the problem of toxic waste is proving elusive.
e.g. He was searching for the ever elusive ‘perfect job’.
e.g. Sleep was strangely elusive.
inevitably (adv)
/ɪnˈevɪtəbli/ as is certain to happen
e.g. Inevitably, the press exaggerated the story.
intimate (adj)
/ˈɪntɪmət/ (of a link between things) very close
e.g. an intimate connection between class and educational success
interiorize (v)
to accept or absorb an idea, opinion, belief, etc. so that it becomes part of your character
e.g. The Mayan speakers have interiorized the abstract spatial dimensions of their language.
fury (n) /ˈfjʊəri/
[uncountable] extreme anger that often includes violent behaviour
= rage
e.g. Her eyes blazed with fury.
inflict (v)
to make somebody/something suffer something unpleasant
e.g. They surveyed the damage inflicted by the storm.
e.g. inflict something on/upon somebody/something: They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team. (Họ đã gây ra một thất bại nhục nhã cho đội chủ nhà.)
leisurely (adv)
/ˈleʒəli/
/ˈliːʒərli/
= gradually, slowly
dice with death
to do something extremely dangerous and silly:
e.g. You’re dicing with death driving at that speed on icy roads.
e.g. He regularly diced with death in his attempt to get the perfect picture.
lightning bolt
tia sét, tia chớp
neutralize (v)
to stop something from having any effect (vô hiệu hóa)
e.g. The latest figures should neutralize the fears of inflation.
braved the elements
go out in bad weather
e.g. Over a thousand people braved the elements to attend the march.
e.g. Are we going to brave the elements and go for a walk?
discharge (v)
= release, send out
e.g. The factory was fined for discharging chemicals into the river.
bear up (against/under something)
to remain as cheerful as possible during a difficult time
e.g. He’s bearing up well under the strain of losing his job.
brew (up) /bruː/ (v)
if something unpleasant is brewing or brewing up, it seems likely to happen soon
e.g. Trouble has been brewing for some time now.
e.g. A storm was brewing up out at sea.
stumbling block (n)
stumbling block (to something) | stumbling block (to doing something): something that causes problems and prevents you from achieving your aim
e.g. Money could prove a stumbling block to the project.
nifty (adj)
good, pleasing, or effective:
e.g. What a nifty little gadget – you can use it for all kinds of things.
in the offing
(informal) likely to appear or happen soon
e.g. I hear there are more staff changes in the offing.
forthcoming (adj) /fɔːθˈkʌmɪŋ/
[only before noun] going to happen, be published, etc. very soon
e.g. the forthcoming elections
e.g. a list of forthcoming books
avalanche (n) /ˈævəlɑːnʃ/
too many things that arrive or happen at the same time
e.g. We were swamped by an avalanche of letters/phone calls/complaints.
e.g. The issue has generated an avalanche of controversy.
have something at your fingertips
biết rõ như lòng bàn tay
e.g. I made sure I had all the facts at my fingertips before attending the meeting.
mighty (adj)
very strong and powerful
meteorology (n)
khí tượng học
confront (v) /kənˈfrʌnt/
to deal with a problem or difficult situation
e.g. She knew that she had to confront her fears.
menace (n) /ˈmenəs/
threat, danger, risk
e.g. the menace posed by car fumes
prodigy (n) /ˈprɒdədʒi/
a young person whose intelligence or skill is unusually good for their age
e.g. a child/an infant prodigy
e.g. a musical prodigy
e.g. Mozart was an infant prodigy, composing music at the age of four.
cult (n)
[usually singular] cult (of something): a way of life, an attitude, an idea, etc. that has become very popular
e.g. the cult of physical fitness
e.g. the cult of youth
divinity (n)
sự thần thánh hóa
paterfamilias (n) /peɪtəfəˈmɪliæs/
sự gia trưởng
perpetuate (v) /pəˈpetʃueɪt/
to make something such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time
e.g. perpetuate something: Comics tend to perpetuate the myth that ‘boys don’t cry’.
e.g. perpetuate itself: This system perpetuated itself for several centuries.
e.g. Schools tend to perpetuate the myth that boys are better at science than girls.
attribute (n) /ˈætrɪbjuːt/
a quality or feature of somebody/something
e.g. Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.
e.g. He lists the ten most important attributes of a good school.
e.g. In modern society, the positive attributes of age are often ignored.
derive from something | be derived from something
to come or develop from something
e.g. This income was derived directly from his writing.
e.g. Wealth and position in society derived largely from land ownership.
folk (adj)
dân gian
e.g. a dance that originated in English folk tradition
e.g. She had an interest in the folk customs of ancient societies.
e.g. Such ideas are common in folk psychology.
e.g. People in these rural areas often rely on folk healers rather than physicians.
ambivalent (adj) (about/towards somebody/something)
/æmˈbɪvələnt/
having or showing both positive and negative feelings about somebody/something
e.g. She seems to feel ambivalent about her new job.
e.g. She is deeply ambivalent about her feelings for him.
distrust / mistrust (v)
Distrust is more common and perhaps slightly stronger. If you are sure that someone is acting dishonestly or cannot be relied on, you are more likely to say that you distrust them.
If you are expressing doubts and suspicions, on the other hand, you would probably use mistrust.
defective (adj) /dɪˈfektɪv/
having a fault or faults; not perfect or complete
e.g. If the goods are defective you should get a full refund.
intellectual (n) /ɪntəˈlektʃuəl/
a person who is well educated
e.g. Many intellectuals and even ordinary citizens feel ashamed of what has happened in our country.
burn out | burn yourself/somebody out
to become extremely tired or sick by working too hard over a period of time; to make somebody do this
e.g. If he doesn’t stop working so hard, he’ll burn himself out.
e.g. By the age of 25 she was completely burned out and retired from the sport
eccentric (adj) /ɪkˈsentrɪk/
weird, strange
e.g. She was the classic eccentric old lady, living with a houseful of cats.
adversity (n)
a difficult or unpleasant situation
e.g. He overcame many personal adversities.
highbrow (adj) /ˈhaɪbraʊ/
interested in serious artistic or cultural ideas
e.g. highbrow newspapers
e.g. highbrow readers
e.g. The journal is aimed at a highbrow readership.
lowbrow (adj) /ˈləʊbraʊ/
having no connection with or interest in serious artistic or cultural ideas
e.g. lowbrow newspapers
e.g. He has very lowbrow tastes.
denigration (n) /denɪˈɡreɪʃn/
unfair criticism of somebody/something; the act of saying that somebody/something does not have any value or is not important (sự chê bai, sự phủ nhận)
e.g. The changes in education have resulted in the general denigration of the teaching role.
weakling (n) /ˈwiːklɪŋ/
a person who is not physically strong
e.g. Exercise can turn a weakling into a big, tough guy.
anecdote (n) /ˈænɪkdəʊt/
giai thoại
e.g. amusing anecdotes about his brief career as an actor
e.g. The book is a rich store of anecdote.
apparent (adj) /əˈpærənt/
obvious; easy to see or understand
e.g. Then, for no apparent reason, the train suddenly stopped.
e.g. It’s readily apparent that she has a gift for this kind of writing.
collate (v) /kəˈleɪt/
to collect information together from different sources in order to examine and compare it
e.g. to collate data/information/figures
take account of something | take something into account
to consider particular facts, circumstances, etc. when making a decision about something
e.g. The company takes account of environmental issues wherever possible.
e.g. Coursework is taken into account as well as exam results.
infant mortality
[uncountable] the death of children under the age of one year
e.g. the decline of infant mortality in the 20th century
e.g. the infant mortality rate
life expectancy
tuổi thọ
e.g. Life expectancy for both men and women has improved greatly in the past 20 years.
e.g. Women have a longer life expectancy than men.
e.g. The life expectancy of a large bus is about 15 years.
e.g. Japanese people have a very high life expectancy.
nobility (n) /nəʊˈbɪləti/
quý tộc
corporal punishment
[uncountable] hình phạt về thể xác (đánh đập)
privileged (adj)
có đặc quyền
e.g. Those in authority were in a privileged position.
stand out (phrasal verb)
to be much better or more important than somebody/something
e.g. Four points stand out as being more important than the rest.
vantage point (n)
a point in time or a situation from which you consider something, especially the past
e.g. From the vantage point of the present, the war seems to have achieved nothing.
continuum (n) /kənˈtɪnjuəm/
a series of similar items
mundane (adj) /mʌnˈdeɪn/
not interesting or exciting
e.g. a mundane task/job
mediocre (adj) /miːdiˈəʊkə(r)/
xoàng, bình thường
e.g. a mediocre musician/talent/performance
e.g. They have replaced a great leader with a mediocre one.
nurture (v) /ˈnɜːtʃə(r)/
to help somebody/something to develop and be successful (=foster)
e.g. t’s important to nurture a good working relationship.
e.g. Her teacher recognized and nurtured her musical talent from an early age.
pour something into something
to provide a large amount of money for something
e.g. The government has poured a lot of money into the education system.
marvel (v)
marvel (at something) | marvel that… | + speech: to be very surprised or impressed by something
e.g. Aiden couldn’t help but marvel at the simplicity of the plan.
manifestation (of something) (n)
a sign of something existing or happening
e.g. She claimed that the rise in unemployment was just a further manifestation of the government’s incompetence.
superior (adj) /suːˈpɪəriə(r)/
better in quality than somebody/something else; greater than somebody/something else
e.g. superior intelligence
e.g. superior to somebody/something: This model is technically superior to its competitors.
hard-won (adj)
[usually before noun] If something is hard-won, it was only achieved after a lot of effort
e.g. a hard-won battle
e.g. She was not going to give up her hard-won freedom so easily.
commonplace (adj)
done very often, or existing in many places, and therefore not unusual
e.g. Such actions were regarded as commonplace during the war.
e.g. These ideas are commonplace among teenagers.
e.g. It is commonplace for soldiers to get very little sleep.
e.g. She made things that are now quite commonplace but at the time seemed really exotic.
outrageous (adj) /aʊtˈreɪdʒəs/
very unusual and intended to shock people slightly
e.g. She says the most outrageous things sometimes.
e.g. outrageous clothes
supremacy (n) /suˈpreməsi/
[uncountable] a position in which you have more power, authority or status than anyone else
e.g. the battle for supremacy in the region
e.g. supremacy over somebody/something: The company has established total supremacy over its rivals.
outstrip (v) /aʊtˈstrɪp/
to be or become greater than something or someone in amount, degree, or success
e.g. Their latest computer outstrips all its rivals.
e.g. Car dealers worry that demand will outstrip their supply.
e.g. Group sales were up 6% to $5.8 billion, outstripping Wall Street expectations of $5.47 billion.
e.g. A high proportion of manufacturing businesses in Western Europe have now been outstipped by foreign competition.
emulate (v) /ˈemjuleɪt/ (formal)
(formal) to try to do something as well as somebody else
e.g. She hopes to emulate her sister’s sporting achievements.
e.g. They hope to emulate the success of other software companies.
e.g. Officials are looking to emulate successful ideas from other cities.
unpalatable (adj) /ʌnˈpælətəbl/
- unpalatable (to somebody) (of facts, ideas, etc.) unpleasant and not easy to accept
e.g. Only then did I learn the unpalatable truth. (sự thật phũ phàng)
- unpalatable (to somebody) not pleasant to taste
e.g. unpalatable food
e.g. The insects store this chemical in their bodies in order to make themselves unpalatable to predators.
perseverance (n) /pɜːsəˈvɪərəns/
[uncountable] sự kiên nhẫn
e.g. They showed great perseverance in the face of difficulty.
e.g. The only way to improve is through hard work and dogged perseverance.
single-mindedness (n)
[uncountable] sự quyết tâm
e.g. You have to admire his energy and single-mindedness.
integrity (n) /ɪnˈteɡrəti/
[uncountable] the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles
e.g. She behaved with absolute integrity.
e.g. Her photography had great artistic integrity.
substance (n) /ˈsʌbstəns/
- [uncountable] the quality of being based on facts or the truth (sự vững chắc)
e.g. There is some substance in what he says.
- [uncountable] the most important or main part of something (tính cốt lõi, tính thực chất)
e.g. the substance of something: Love and guilt form the substance of his new book.
e.g. The real substance of the report was in the third part.
delude (v) /dɪˈluːd/
to make somebody believe something that is not true
e.g. delude yourself He’s deluding himself if he thinks it’s going to be easy.
e.g. delude somebody/yourself into doing something: Don’t be deluded into thinking that we are out of danger yet.
e.g. delude yourself that… She had been deluding herself that he loved her.
lifespan (n)
vòng đời, tuổi thọ, thời gian sống
e.g. Worms have a lifespan of a few months.
living organism /ˈɔːɡənɪzəm/
sinh vật sống nhỏ bé
course (n) of sth
the way something develops or should develop
e.g. course of something This was an event that changed the course of history.
e.g. The unexpected course of events aroused considerable alarm.
e.g. during the course of something: She repeatedly raised the issue during the course of the campaign.
wear somebody/something down
to make somebody/something weaker or less determined, especially by continuously attacking or putting pressure on them or it over a period of time
e.g. This relentless pressure began to wear down their resistance.
thermodynamic (n)
nhiệt động học
inexorable (adj) /ɪnˈeksərəbl/
(of a process) that cannot be stopped or changed
SYNONYM: relentless
e.g. the inexorable rise of crime
dynamic (n) /daɪˈnæmɪk/
(of a process, relationship or system) always changing and making progress
e.g. The business has managed to change and remain dynamic.
e.g. These countries are characterized by highly dynamic economies.
permanent (adj) /ˈpɜːmənənt/
lasting for a long time or for all time in the future; existing all the time
e.g. She was unable to find a permanent job.
e.g. She doesn’t intend to make London her permanent home.
equilibrium (n) /iːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/
[uncountable, singular]
- a state of balance, especially between different forces or influences
e.g. Any disturbance to the body’s state of equilibrium can produce stress.
e.g. We have achieved an equilibrium in the economy.
- a calm state of mind and a balance of emotions
e.g. He sat down to try and recover his equilibrium.
molecule (n)
phân tử
inevitable (adj) /ɪnˈevɪtəbl/
= unavoidable
mechanism (n) /ˈmekənɪzəm/
a method or a system for achieving something
e.g. mechanisms for dealing with complaints from the general public
e.g. The college has established an effective student support mechanism.
mutation (n)
[uncountable, countable] a change in the form or structure of something
e.g. the mutation of ethnic politics into nationalist politics
e.g. This essay examines the mutation of ethnic politics into nationalist politics.
immortality (n) /ɪmɔːˈtæləti/
sự bất tử
striking (adj) /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/
đáng chú ý, gây ấn tượng
e.g. a striking feature
e.g. She bears a striking resemblance (sự tương đồng nổi bật) to her older sister.
e.g. In striking contrast to their brothers, the girls were both intelligent and charming.
parameter (n) /pəˈræmɪtə/
[usually plural] (formal) tham số
e.g. to set/define the parameters
e.g. We had to work within the parameters that had already been established.
attain (v) /əˈteɪn/
to succeed in getting something, usually after a lot of effort
e.g. Most of our students attained five ‘A’ grades in their exams.
e.g. We only consider applicants who have attained a high level of academic achievement.
upper (adj)
at or near the top of something
e.g. There is an upper limit of £20 000 spent on any one project.
e.g. the upper slopes of the mountain
wear and tear (n)
sự hao mòn
e.g. The insurance policy does not cover damage caused by normal wear and tear.
e.g. The living-room carpet has to stand up to the combined wear and tear of two dogs and three children.
unicellular (adj)
đơn bào
mammoth (adj)
[usually before noun] extremely large
e.g. a mammoth task
e.g. a financial crisis of mammoth proportions
body mass
trọng lượng cơ thể
invert (v)
đảo ngược
e.g. Place a plate over the cake tin and invert it.
e.g. In questions, the subject and verb are often inverted.
frugal (adj) /ˈfruːɡl/
using only as much money or food as is necessary (tằn tiện, tiết kiệm)
e.g. a frugal existence/life
e.g. The monks lead a frugal existence in their isolated monastery.
He has always been hard-working and frugal.
chain sb/sth up
xích, nhốt
e.g. The dog was chained up for the night.
e.g. They took the prisoner out to the yard and chained him up.
in captivity
the state of being kept as a prisoner or in a space that you cannot escape from
e.g. He was held in captivity for three years.
e.g. Wild animals do not always breed well in captivity.
hibernation (n)
sự ngủ đông
lethargy (n) /ˈleθədʒi/
[uncountable] the state of not having any energy or enthusiasm for doing things
e.g. He felt that he had to drag himself out of his lethargy and begin to write.
comrade (n) /ˈkɒmreɪd/
= friend, buddy
distinctly (adv) /dɪˈstɪŋktli/
in a way that shows a quality that is easy to recognize
e.g. a distinctly Australian accent
e.g. The two techniques are distinctly different.
sparing (adj) /ˈspeərɪŋ/
careful to use or give only a little of something
e.g. Doctors now advise only sparing use of such creams.
e.g. He was always sparing with his praise.
reserve (n) /rɪˈzɜːv/
dự trữ
e.g. large oil and gas reserves
e.g. reserve funds
e.g. The country has the world’s largest reserves of coal.
equable (adj) /ˈekwəbl/
1. calm and not easily upset or annoyed
e.g. an equable temperament
e.g. He was in a remarkably equable mood when he spoke to reporters last night.
- (of weather) keeping a steady temperature with no sudden changes
e.g. an equable climate
critical (adj)
extremely important because a future situation will be affected by it
e.g. Industry leaders are working together to address this critical issue.
e.g. The kidneys play a critical role in overall health.
e.g. Reducing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is of critical importance.
critical to something: Your decision is critical to our future.
critical for something: Timing is critical for success.
bow (v) /baʊ/
to move your head or the top half of your body forwards and downwards as a sign of respect or to say hello or goodbye
e.g. The pianist stood up and bowed to the audience.
