Reading Quiz 6 (CH. 14, 15 & 16) Flashcards
Digestion is stimulated by ___________________.
a. parasympathetic adrenergic fibers that secrete norEPI and stimulate nicotinic receptors
b. sympathetic adrenergic fibers that secrete norEPI and stimulate nicotinic receptors
c. parasympathetic adrenergic fibers that secrete ACh and stimulate muscarinic receptors
d. parasympathetic cholinergic fibers that secrete ACh and stimulate muscarinic receptors
d. parasympathetic cholinergic fibers that secrete ACh and stimulate muscarinic receptors
The GI (gastrointestinal tube) tract is the pathway for nutrients to be ingested, digested, absorbed and the waste defecated. Which of the following is the correct pathway of organs in the GI tract?
a. mouth > oropharynx > pyloric sphincter > esophagus > stomach > ileocecal sphincter > duodenum > jejunum > ileum > hepatic sphincter > cecum > ascending colon > right colic flexure > transverse colon > left colic flexure > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum > internal and external anal sphincters > potty
b. mouth > oropharynx > esophagus > esophageal sphincter > stomach > pyloric sphincter > duodenum > jejunum > ileum > ileocecal sphincter > cecum > ascending colon > right colic flexure > transverse colon > left colic flexure > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum > internal and external anal sphincters > potty
c. mouth > salivary glands > oropharynx > esophagus > esophageal sphincter > stomach > pyloric sphincter > duodenum > gallbladder > pancreas > jejunum > ileum > ileocecal sphincter > cecum > appendix > ascending colon > right colic flexure transverse colon > left colic flexure > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum > internal and external anal sphincters & potty
d. mouth > oropharynx > esophagus > esophageal sphincter > stomach > ileocecal sphincter > duodenum > jejunum > ileum > pyloric sphincter > cecum > ascending colon > right colic flexure > transverse colon > left colic flexure > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum > internal and external anal sphincters > potty
b. mouth > oropharynx > esophagus > esophageal sphincter > stomach > pyloric sphincter > duodenum > jejunum > ileum > ileocecal sphincter > cecum > ascending colon > right colic flexure > transverse colon > left colic flexure > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum > internal and external anal sphincters > potty
Parietal cells within the gastric pits of the stomach secrete _____________________.
a. insulin and glucagon to maintain glucose homeostasis
b. gastrin and pepsin for the production of HCI
c. intrinsic factor for the absorption of vitamin B12, and H+ and Cl- ions for the production of HCI
d. sodium and potassium to maintain the sodium potassium pump
c. intrinsic factor for the absorption of vitamin B12, and H+ and Cl- ions for the production of HCI
Chief cells secrete ___________________________.
a. pepsin that combines with HCI to make pepsinogen for protein digestion
b. pepsin that stimulates HCO3- secretion from the pancreas to reduce gastric esophageal regurgitation in the esophagus
c. pepsin that combines with gastrin to make intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption
d. pepsin to enhance gastric immunity for the prevention of H. pylori infections
a. pepsin that combines with HCI to make pepsinogen for protein digestion
Bile is produced by the _______________.
a. the stomach and stored in the pancreas
b. liver and stored in the urinary bladder
c. gallbladder and stored in the bile ducts of the liver
d. liver and stored in the gall bladder
d. liver and stored in the gall bladder
The liver is a primary target for GH (growth hormone) to make insulin growth factors. Which of the following substances produced by the liver is important for the maintenance of plasma cell membranes and production of steroid hormones?
a. bilirubin
b. bile
c. glucagon
d. cholesterol
d. cholesterol
All venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, intestines, and stomach enter the liver through the __________________.
a. superior and inferior mesenteric veins
b. inferior vena cava
c. hepatic portal vein
d. biliary duct vein
c. hepatic portal vein
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Which of the following is correct?
a. pancreatic alpha cells produce gastrin and beta cells produce glucagon
b. pancreatic alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin
c. pancreatic alpha cells produce insulin and beta cells produce glucagon
d. pancreatic alpha cells produce carboxidases and beta cells produce proteases
b. pancreatic alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin
____________ is smooth muscle contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle along the digestive tract.
a. constipation
b. deglutination
c. peristalsis
d. ingestion
c. peristalsis
A major function of the colon is formation of solid waste and _____________.
a. reabsorption of bile
b. reabsorption of blood
c. reabsorption of water
d. reabsorption of bilirubin
c. reabsorption of water
Excessive vomiting can cause _____________________.
a. metabolic alkalosis due to the loss of significant H+
b. respiratory acidosis due to the loss of significant H+
c. metabolic acidosis due to the loss of significant H+
d. respiratory alkalosis due to the loss of significant H+
a. metabolic alkalosis due to the loss of significant H+
Excessive diarrhea can cause ____________.
a. metabolic alkalosis due to the loss of significant H+
b. metabolic acidosis due to the loss of significant HCO3-
c. Respiratory alkalosis due to the loss of significant H+
d. Respiratory acidosis due to the loss of significant HCO3-
b. metabolic acidosis due to the loss of significant HCO3-
Cholecystitis will present with pain in the RUQ and __________________.
a. pain that refers to the rectum
b. pain that refers to the right shoulder
c. pain that refers to the RLQ
d. pain that refers to the left shoulder
b. pain that refers to the right shoulder
The urinary system includes ____________________.
a. 1 kidney, 1 adrenal gland, 1 ureter, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 urethra
b. 2 kidneys, 2 adrenal glands, 1 common ureter, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 common urethra
c. 2 kidneys, 2 adrenal glands, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 urethra
d. 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 urethra
d. 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 urethra
Urinary function is stimulated by ________________________.
a. preganglionic cholinergic fibers that secrete ACh on nicotinic receptors on the adrenal medulla
b. postganglionic adrenergic fibers that secrete nor EPI on alpha, receptors of the renal arteries increasing hydrostatic pressure and filtration through the glomerular arteries
c. postganglionic cholinergic fibers that secrete ACh on muscarinic receptors on the kidney
d. preganglionic cholinergic fibers that secrete ACh on nicotinic receptors of the kidney
c. postganglionic cholinergic fibers that secrete ACh on muscarinic receptors on the kidney
Blood flow through the kidney is regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. What is the primary purpose of the juxtamedullary nephron?
a. formation of concentrated urine
b. formation of dilute urine
c. regulation of ACTH secretion
d. regulation of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) osmolality
a. formation of concentrated urine
Blood enters the cortical nephron through the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus for filtration, and then exits through the efferent arteriole into the ______________ takes place.
a. cortical radiate artery where the majority of reabsorption from the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
b. peritubular capillary where the majority of reabsorption from the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
c. vasa recta where the majority of reabsorption from the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
d. vasa recta where the majority of reabsorption from the DCT (distal convoluted tubule)
b. peritubular capillary where the majority of reabsorption from the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
The ______________ of the juxtamedullary nephron is the capillary network that plays a significant role in the regulation of blood osmolality.
a. peritubular capillary
b. glomerular capillary
c. vasa recta capillary
d. papillary capillary
c. vasa recta capillary
The primary purpose of an afferent arteriole in the kidney is _____________.
a. to regulate the hydrostatic pressure of blood entering the glomerular capillary
b. to regulate the oncotic/osmotic pressure of blood in the renal arteries
c. to regulate the hydrostatic pressure of blood entering the peritubular capillary
d. to regulate the osmolality of blood within the vasa recta
a. to regulate the hydrostatic pressure of blood entering the glomerular capillary
The tubular cells of the kidney play an important role in the regulation of blood pH. Why is the formation of HCO3- from the disassociation of H2CO3 critically important for blood pH homeostasis?
a. the formation of HCO3- acts as a buffer that binds H+ to help maintain blood pH between 7.35 - 7.45
b. the formation of HCO3- acts as a buffer that binds H+ to help maintain blood pH between 35-45 mmHg
c. the formation of HCO3- increases blood pH to more appropriate acidic levels such as 6.00
d. the formation of HCO3- increases blood pH to more appropriate basic levels such as 14.00
a. the formation of HCO3- acts as a buffer that binds H+ to help maintain blood pH between 7.35 - 7.45
The kidney helps with compensation of respiratory acidosis. Which of the following depicts respiratory acidosis in a patient?
a. PaCO2 < 35 mmHg and pH < 7.35
b. PaCO2 > 45 mmHg and pH < 7.35
c. PaCO2 > 45 mmHg and pH > 7.45
d. PaCO2 < 35 mmHg and pH > 7.45
b. PaCO2 > 45 mmHg and pH < 7.35
What effect would dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole have on blood flow entering the glomerulus and NFP (net filtration pressure) of the filtrate entering the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)?
a. blood flow into the glomerulus would decrease and NFP of the filtrate would decrease
b. blood flow into the glomerulus would decrease and NFP of the filtrate would increase
C. blood flow into the glomerulus would increase and NFP of the filtrate would decrease
d. blood flow into the glomerulus would increase and NFP of the filtrate would increase
d. blood flow into the glomerulus would increase and NFP of the filtrate would increase
The efferent arteriole functions to ___________________________.
a. reinforce glomerular filtration pressure, and regulate secretion of renin and blood flow into the renal pelvis
b. reinforce glomerular filtration pressure, and regulate the countercurrent multiplier of the peritubular capillary networks
c. reinforce glomerular filtration pressure, and regulate hydrostatic pressure and blood flow into the peritubular and vasa recta capillary networks
d. reinforce glomerular filtration pressure, and regulate filtrate formation and hormone affinity in the collecting duct
c. reinforce glomerular filtration pressure, and regulate hydrostatic pressure and blood flow into the peritubular and vasa recta capillary networks
The ____________________ regulates the osmolality of the filtrate within the Loop of Henle/nephron loop.
a. peritubular capillary
b. countercurrent exchanger
c. countercurrent multiplier
d. glomerular capsule
c. countercurrent multiplier
In males the urethra is significantly longer than in females. Which of the following anatomical structures in males can cause difficulty in emptying the urinary bladder as they age?
a. parathyroid gland
b. testes
c. prostate gland
d. penis
c. prostate gland
All male and female fetuses begin with the same 3 structures:
a. paramesonephric ducts, testes, genital tubercle
b. mesonephric ducts, genital tubercle, and scrotum
c. genital tubercle, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal folds
d. paramesonephric ducts, penis, and genital tubercle
c. genital tubercle, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal folds
The activation of___________ is necessary for an embryo to differentiate into a male fetus.
a. the SRY gene
b. estrogen receptors
c. the X sperm
d. paramesonephric duct development
a. the SRY gene
All fetuses are exposed to the same level of estrogens in utero. Female fetuses develop in the absence of ____________.
a. progestins
b. androgens
c. estrogens
d. hCG precursors
b. androgens
The glans of the penis, enclosure of the urethra, and development of the scrotum is the result of ___________________.
a. stimulus of androgen receptors on the X chromosome and differentiation of the genital tubercle, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal folds
b. folds stimulus of androgen receptors on the Y chromosome and differentiation of the genital tubercle, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal
c. stimulus of estrogen receptors on the X chromosome and differentiation of the genital tubercle, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal
folds
d. stimulus of androgen receptors in the placenta and differentiation of the genital tubercle, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal folds
a. stimulus of androgen receptors on the X chromosome and differentiation of the genital tubercle, urogenital folds and labioscrotal fold
The _________________ are the site of spermatogenesis in males.
a. seminal vesicles
b. interstitial cells
c. seminiferous tubules
d. sustentacular cells
c. seminiferous tubules
_______________ in males go through the cell division process of meiosis to become spermatids.
a. sustentacular cells
b. Oogonia
c. spermatogonia
d. interstitial cells
c. spermatogonia
LH (luteinizing hormone) secreted from the anterior pituitary stimulates the _____________ of the testes for production and secretion of testosterone.
a. sustentacular cells
b. spermatogonia
c. interstitial cells
d. T-cells
c. interstitial cells
Maturation of sperm occurs in the _____________.
a. prostate gland
b. seminal vesicles
c. epididymis
d. penis
c. epididymis
Which of the following statements is true?
a. a recessive trait will be expressed/observed when both recessive genes from the parents are present in the offspring
b. a dominant trait will not be expressed regardless of whether the organism is homozygous (RR) or heterozygous (Rr)
c. genetic disorders are only carried on X chromosomes
d. an individual who carries only one copy of the recessive gene for an autosomal-recessive condition, will express the condition
a. a recessive trait will be expressed/observed when both recessive genes from the parents are present in the offspring
Penile erection occurs when the two ______________ fill with blood from the deep arteries in the penis.
a. bulbourethral glands and scrotum
b. seminal vesicles
c. urethra and anus
d. corpus cavernosum
d. corpus cavernosum
Fertilization of an X oocyte by an X sperm will result in ____________________.
a. an XXY zygote that differentiates into a male embryo
b. an XY zygote that differentiates into a male embryo
c. an XYY zygote that differentiates into a female embryo
d. an XX zygote that differentiates into a female embryo
d. an XX zygote that differentiates into a female embryo
The hormone LH (luteinizing hormone) triggers ___________ in a female, and testosterone production in a male.
a. menstruation
b. ovulation
c. follicular development
d. lactation
b. ovulation
Which of the following statements is true?
a. sperm production in males is regulated by the hormones hCG (human chorionic gonadotropic) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
b. sperm production in males is regulated by the hormones OT (oxytocin) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
c. the menstrual cycle in females is regulated by the hormones PRL (prolactin) and OT (oxytocin)
d. the menstrual cycle in females is regulated by the hormones FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
d. the menstrual cycle in females is regulated by the hormones FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
When females ovulate the oocyte contains ______________.
a. 23 chromosomes
b. 92 chromosomes
c. 12 chromosomes
d. 46 chromosomes
a. 23 chromosomes
The hormone _________________ secreted by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the production of breast milk.
a. LH (luteinizing hormone)
b. (PRL) prolactin
c. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
d. (OT) oxytocin
b. (PRL) prolactin
A female patient of childbearing age experiencing severe hypogastric pain without a fever should raise suspicion of __________________.
a. an ectopic pregnancy
b. a gonorrhea infection
c. menstrual cramps
d. a chlamydia infection
a. an ectopic pregnancy
The first stage of labor is signaled by _______________.
a. childbirth
b. uterine contractions
c. the onset of menstrual cramps
d. Braxton-Hicks contractions
b. uterine contractions
Fraternal twins can be of the same or different sex. The blastocyst from a resulting zygote implants into the ________________ that is the innermost lining of the uterus.
a. myometrium
b. fallopian/uterine tube epithelium
c. endometrium
d. perimetrium
c. endometrium
The hormone _______________ triggers milk ejection during breast feeding and uterine contractions for childbirth
a. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
b. LH (luteinizing hormone)
c. OT (oxytocin)
d. PRL (prolactin)
c. OT (oxytocin)
During the first three months of pregnancy the ___________ continues secretion of progesterone and estrogen to maintain the viability of the endometrium.
a. corpus luteum
b. corpus cavernosum
c. corpus spongiosum
d. placenta
a. corpus luteum
