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NABCEP (Associate) > Reading Questions > Flashcards

Reading Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

If PV is used to charge batteries without an MPPT charge controller what will the PV voltage have to match?

A

batteries

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2
Q

Why type of tracker follows the sun through the day?

A

2 Axis

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3
Q

What do parallel connections increase?

A

Current

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4
Q

In string sizing, when calculating for shortest and longest string size, which of them is a safety concern and which is a production issue?

A

Maximum = Safety : Minimum = Production

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5
Q

6’ long screw that is screwed into the earth

A

Ground screw

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6
Q

What is blocking used for?

A

Attaching to a roof in place where there is no rafter

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7
Q

Most of the PV installed in the world is less than how many years old?

A

3

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8
Q

What are the design requirements for a self-regulating system?

A

Has to be designed so it won’t charge over 3% of the battery capacity in an hour.

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9
Q

What is Imp?

A

Maximum Power Current

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10
Q

What is the proper ladder ratio?

A

1:4

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11
Q

What are two types of OCPD’s?

A

Fuses and Circuit Breakers

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12
Q

What are the components of a direct-coupled PV system?

A

PV and Load

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13
Q

Where is the only place in the world that the sun will be directly overhead?

A

The tropics

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14
Q

What type of PV uses magnifying lenses or focused light onto an efficient solar cell?

A

Concentrating PV

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15
Q

What is the most common and best type of roof sealant?

A

Polyurethane

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16
Q

What is the battery stage where there is a trickle charge to keep the battery charged?

A

Float

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17
Q

What is a hybrid PV system

A

Includes another source of power besides PV, batteries, or the utility.

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18
Q

What is most likely the cause of a blown fuse in a combiner box?

A

A positive to negative short circuit

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19
Q

How is most of the PV in the world mounted today?

A

Ground Mount

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20
Q

What has more current; Imp or Isc?

A

Isc

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21
Q

What is the best angle for annual production?

A

Latitude tilt or 30-degree tilt (depending on location)

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22
Q

What is the formula for maximum power?

A

Imp x Vmp

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23
Q

What do you call a device that measures global radiation?

A

Pyranometer

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24
Q

What are the main components of a DC coupled battery system?

A

Solar Modules : Charge Controller : Battery : Inverter

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25
Q

What are the conductors between the battery and the battery inverter called?

A

Battery Inverter Input Circuit

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26
Q

Where would you have more voltage, where it’s coming from or where it’s going?

A

Where it’s coming from

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27
Q

What has more voltage; Voc or Vmp?

A

Voc

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28
Q

Connectors connected to the backs of PV modules are ______

A

Polarized

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29
Q

In referring to derating, should you think about what you are losing or keeping?

A

Keeping

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30
Q

What are the symbols for: Current : Voltage : Power

A

I : V : P

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31
Q

Grounding (bonding) of functionally ground d PV system on a roof should be done to what?

A

Racking and aluminum frames

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32
Q

What do you call a system with batteries that operates when connected to the grid

A

Self-Consumption

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33
Q

Where is a charge controller located?

A

Between the PV and the batteries

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34
Q

If the wire on the ac side of the inverter was long and thin, the voltage at the the inverter relative to the grid; would go up or down?

A

Would go up

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35
Q

What are the stages of battery charging?

A

Bulk : Absorption : Float : Equalization

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36
Q

What is it called when batteries take extra energy from the day and supplement the usage at night?

A

Self-Consumption

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37
Q

How does colder temperatures effect performance?

A

Increases voltage

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38
Q

What was the name of the first solar powered satellite?

A

Vanguard 1 by the US Navy in 1958

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39
Q

What does a hydrometer do?

A

It checks the battery acid with a density test

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40
Q

What is the most popular type of PV system?

A

Grid-Tied aka Utility Interactive

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41
Q

What are the most efficient solar cells made from?

A

Gallium Arsenide

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42
Q

Below 23.5 degrees north latitude is called what?

A

Tropic of Cancer

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43
Q

What is the Critical Design Month?

A

The month with the worst solar irradiation

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44
Q

The cleaner your PV system the more you will increase _______?

A

Current

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45
Q

What is Distributed Generation?

A

When electricity is made where people live.

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46
Q

This type of battery is often called maintenance free because you cannot add fluids.

A

Sealed Valve Regulated Flooded Lead Acid Battery

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47
Q

(T/F) Charge controllers are used in self-regulating systems?

A

False

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48
Q

A typical off-grid system where charge controllers are used to charge batteries is what type of system?

A

DC Coupled System

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49
Q

What is the formula for resistance?

A

V = I x R

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50
Q

What is a demand charge on a utility bill for? Power or Energy

A

Power

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51
Q

This device helps regulate the charging of batteries to prevent them from under or over charging.

A

Charge Controller

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52
Q

Name (3) types of fall protection

A

Guard Rails : Safety Nets : Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)

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53
Q

What instrument can best test the insulation resistance of a conductor?

A

Megohmmeter

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54
Q

A common term used for a solar resource measured in kWh/Square meter/day is:

A

Insolation

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55
Q

What are the main conditions for STC?

A

1000 Watts per square meter : 25℃ (77℉) : 1.5 Atmospheric Mass

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56
Q

How long does a system take to turn on and start reporting to the grid?

A

5 minutes

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57
Q

Most of the world operates on what frequency?

A

50 hertz

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58
Q

What is a live load? Give an example

A

A temporary load on a roof (workers, snow)

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59
Q

What battery stage is the charge slowing down?

A

Absorption

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60
Q

Is the top layer of a solar cell usually positive or negative?

A

Negative

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61
Q

What is the formula for Distance?

A

Distance = Speed x Time

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62
Q

What is a good number for American’s to ballpark for square footage on an array?

A

100-150W

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63
Q

For a supply side connection, what would limit the output of the inverter more: Service entrance conductor ampacity or load side breaker ampacity

A

Service entrance conductor ampacity

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64
Q

What does nominal mean?

A

In name only

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65
Q

What reduces voltage drop? Long and thin or Short and Thick wires?

A

Short and Thick

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66
Q

What would be the problem if a system is turning off on hot sunny days? What would be the fix?

A

Voltage gets too low when the temp gets high so you would need to put more modules in series or get an inverter that operates at a lower voltage

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67
Q

Name two devices used to measure shade

A

Solmetric Suneye & Solar Pathfinder

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68
Q

What is the UL listing for inverters in North America?

A

1741

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69
Q

Color of equipment grounding conductor?

A

Green

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70
Q

How many points of system grounding should there be?

A

A single point of system grounding

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71
Q

Will utility-interactive PV systems will not work during a power outage?

A

No

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72
Q

What is power?

A

The rate at which electricity is used

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73
Q

What is a PV output circuit?

A

At the output of a DC combiner is the PV output circuit which is the combined current of the PV source circuits.

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74
Q

If the irradiance is increased, what else will increase?

A

Current

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75
Q

Does STC test temperatures of the cell or ambient?

A

Cell

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76
Q

What is the hydraulic analogy for flow?

A

Current

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77
Q

What kind of battery is similar to a fuel cell where electrolytes are pumped between reactor and storage tanks?

A

Flow Battery

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78
Q

Who created the first “Solar Battery”?

A

Bell Labs

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79
Q

What is a non-isolated inverter?

A

An inverter without a transformer

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80
Q

Do devices that have MPPT need to be connected to PV?

A

Yes

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81
Q

What is solar-grid parity?

A

When energy produced by PV is less expensive than electricity produced by conventional means.

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82
Q

What are the characteristics of a polycrystalline silicon solar cell?

A

Square Corners

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83
Q

How are wind loads measured in the US?

A

(Psf) pounds per square foot

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84
Q

What is the best charging range for a 12V lead-acid battery?

A

14-15V

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85
Q

What is albedo radiation?

A

Radiation that is reflected off something else (trees, lakes, white roof, etc)

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86
Q

An inverter that gets voltage from a battery and produces current and power as it’s needed.

A

Battery Inverter

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87
Q

What was the total amount of solar installed by 1999?

A

1 GW

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88
Q

What did Einstein win a Nobel Prize for?

A

Describing the photoelectric effect

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89
Q

What is the purpose of MPPT?

A

It controls the IV parameters and will cause the inverter or charge controller to work on the point of maximum power on the IV curve.

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90
Q

(T/F) Arc flashes can be hotter than the sun?

A

True

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91
Q

What information do you need for figuring out the maximum string size?

A

Cold Expected Temp : Temperature Coefficient : Voc of PV module : Maximum Input Voltage for the Inverter

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92
Q

What is an ohm a unit of?

A

Resistance

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93
Q

The path of the sun is different at every latitude around the world?

A

False

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94
Q

What are the main components of an AC coupled battery system?

A

Solar Modules : Grid-Tied Inverter : Off-Grid Inverter / Charger : Batteries

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95
Q

For an off-grid system, what should you oversize?

A

PV array

96
Q

What is another name for an interactive inverter?

A

Grid-tied

97
Q

What is a dead load?

A

A permanent load on the roof. Anything that is installed on the roof and considered part of the building.

98
Q

What are the components of PFAS?

A

Harness : Shock Absorbing Lanyard : Lifeline : Anchor

99
Q

What would affect current more: The size of the solar cell or the temperature of the solar cell?

A

Size of the solar cell

100
Q

What is a grid-tied battery-backup system?

A

Multimodal system that can operate as grid-tied or off-grid

101
Q

What kind of inverter has PV source circuits connected to it?

A

String

102
Q

Can state requirements be more lax than federal safety requirements?

A

No

103
Q

What is Voc?

A

Open Circuit Voltage

104
Q

What is direct radiation?

A

Radiation that comes directly from the sun

105
Q

How do you calculate the derating for an entire system?

A

Multiply all derating factors together

106
Q

What information do you need to find the minimum string size?

A

Hot PV Cell Temperature : Temperature Coefficient Vmp : Vmp : Inverter minimum input voltage

107
Q

What happens to a system when it gets cold?

A

The voltage will get higher and could possibly damage the equipment.

108
Q

What does a transformer do?

A

Changes high voltage and lower current to low voltage and high current

109
Q

How many types of PV are there and what are they?

A

(6), Grid-tied * Stand-Alone * Hybrid * Grid-tied-Battery-Backup * Direct * Self-regulating

110
Q

What type of ladder should you never use to get on a roof?

A

A Frame

111
Q

What is the feature in an inverter that keeps it operating at MPP?

A

MPPT; Maximum Power Point Tracking

112
Q

What is the average clearance between a roof and the PV?

A

3”-6”

113
Q

How many watts are in 1 horsepower?

A

746W

114
Q

What is the height at which you need fall protection?

A

6’

115
Q

What kind of battery charging is done first and fast?

A

Bulk

116
Q

What is the name of a battery system that works with or without the utility?

A

Grid-tied battery-backup system

117
Q

The temperature rating of the the conductor can affect what?

A

Ampacity

118
Q

What happens to a system when it’s hot and the voltage gets low?

A

We run the risk of the system not turning on or poor productivity

119
Q

What is the formula for calculating the production of a system?

A

AC kW system size x Derating x Insolation = Production

120
Q

Bypass diodes sacrifice _____ for ______

A

Voltage : Current

121
Q

What makes an AC module different than a module with a micro inverter attached to it?

A

The AC module was tested together

122
Q

What is the purpose of a OCPD (Over Current Protection Device) and what will it do?

A

Protect equipment and conductors from over currents and will open the circuit if the current get high enough

123
Q

What is a grounded conductor?

A

A conductor that is intentionally referenced to ground, but caries current

124
Q

What required information must be on a PV module label?

A

STC Watts : Voc : Vmp : Imp : Isc : Maximum Series Fuse Rating : STC Conditions

125
Q

A single axis tracker will face which direction in the morning?

A

East

126
Q

What is a PV source circuit?

A

A group of DC PV modules connected together positive to negative

127
Q

(T/F) PV systems have voltage going from the inverter to the grid?

A

True

128
Q

What do series connections increase?

A

Voltage

129
Q

What are other names for grid-tied battery backup systems?

A

Bimodal or Multimodal

130
Q

Peak sun hours per day is often called what?

A

Insolation

131
Q

What is diffuse solar radiation?

A

Sunlight that is scattered by being bounced off of objects

132
Q

What is the optimal angle everywhere in the world except the tropics?

A

Slightly less than latitude.

133
Q

How is solar power measured?

A

Power per unit area

134
Q

This charging stage is for battery maintenance and has the highest voltage charge

A

Equalization

135
Q

What will a group of cells not create when being bypassed?

A

Voltage

136
Q

What is a controlled overcharge for maintenance of non-sealed flooded lead acid batteries?

A

Equalization charge

137
Q

What type of relationship to current and voltage have in Ohm’s law for resistance?

A

Proportional

138
Q

Which type of solar panels have square corners and which one has round?

A

Multi (poly) has square and Mono has rounded

139
Q

What is the hydraulic analogy of pressure?

A

Voltage

140
Q

What is voltage drop?

A

When current goes through a wire and there are losses which happen when the wire heats up.

141
Q

What is energy?

A

The amount of energy used

142
Q

What is diffuse radiation?

A

Radiation that comes from bouncing off of clouds and the atmosphere

143
Q

What is the part of the process where silicon is turned into a solar cell called?

A

Doping

144
Q

What is another term for a DC-to-DC converter and what does it do?

A

Power Optimizer; converts voltage and current

145
Q

How high above the roof should the top of the ladder be?

A

3’

146
Q

What is another term for PSH (Peak Sun Hours)

A

Insolation

147
Q

What is the best way to optimize for winter and fall production?

A

Latitude tilt plus 15

148
Q

What type of wire connects modules together?

A

Use-2 wire or PV wire

149
Q

What device measures direct beam solar radiation?

A

Pyranoheliometer

150
Q

What is solar irradiance and how is it measured

A

Solar Power Per Area : watts per square meter

151
Q

Ability to disconnect from the grid whenever the grid is down or not within specifications

A

Anti-Islanding

152
Q

This is a piece of steel that is driven into the earth and is specially made for PV projects

A

Pile

153
Q

Above 23.5 degrees south latitude is called what?

A

Tropic of Capricorn

154
Q

In most of the US, what is the optimal degree for a south facing array?

A

30 degrees

155
Q

What is the ability to carry wire called?

A

Ampacity

156
Q

What is another term for grounding conductor and what does it do?

A

Equipment Grounding Conductor (EGC), it is a conductor that is not meant to carry current and connects (bonds) metal equipment together, so that there are no dangerous voltage differences.

157
Q

What is a refractometer used for?

A

Checks battery acid with a test to see how light bends in fluid.

158
Q

What is the solar window?

A

Every place the sun can be in the sky throughout the year for a given latitude

159
Q

What is the UL listing for PV modules in North America?

A

1703

160
Q

OSHA has state and federal requirements (T or F)?

A

True

161
Q

(T/F) Grid-tied inverters do not need ground fault protection?

A

False

162
Q

What is the formula for Energy?

A

Energy = Power x Time

163
Q

Who produces the National Electric Code?

A

NFPA, National Fire Protection Association.

164
Q

What is global radiation?

A

combined solar radiation from all types

165
Q

What is the bottom element of a solar cell?

A

Boron

166
Q

What is Vmp?

A

Maximum Power Voltage

167
Q

A large inverter (usually in the MW range) that doesn’t have PV source circuits connected to it is called what type of inverter?

A

Central

168
Q

How does brightness affect performance?

A

Increases current

169
Q

What is more efficient, higher voltage or lower voltage?

A

Higher Voltage

170
Q

What is the purpose of Net Metering

A

Allows customers to get credit for the electricity they produce.

171
Q

What are the main components in a PV source circuit?

A

Modules and Conductors

172
Q

What kind of conductor is used for equipment grounding?

A

Green or bare copper

173
Q

1000 Watts per square meter is called what?

A

Peak Sun

174
Q

What is Voltage Drop?

A

When voltage and power are lost on a wire

175
Q

What is NOCT?

A

Nominal Operating Cell Temperature

176
Q

What is Isc?

A

Short Circuit Current

177
Q

In general, PV open circuit voltage goes up how much for every 1℃ decrease in temperature?

A

one third of a percent or .3%

178
Q

What are PV source circuit conductors?

A

Connects the PV to the inverter or the DC combiner.

179
Q

What is the formula for batteries?

A

Ah x V = Wh

180
Q

What is a self-regulating system?

A

A stand-alone system without a charge controller

181
Q

What is the correct term for a string?

A

PV Source Circuit

182
Q

What is the purpose of a blocking diode?

A

To preven reverse current

183
Q

If there was a ground fault detected, where would the problem most likely be?

A

Pv source circuit (string)

184
Q

Voltage and current are directly proportional to each other according to what law?

A

Ohm’s

185
Q

What is the best way to optimize for summer and spring production?

A

Latitude minus 15

186
Q

The maximum power rating of the largest load of an off-grid system is limited by which of these two: The size of the inverter or the size of the charge controller?

A

The size of the inverter

187
Q

What is the typical USA utility parameters for frequency?

A

60 hertz (60 cycles per second)

188
Q

What are the units for: Voltage : Amps : Power : Energy

A

V : A : W : Wh

189
Q

What is the chemical on the top layer of a solar cell?

A

Phosphorous

190
Q

In California (East of the zero-degree isogonic line) the north needle of the compass will point in which direction?

A

East of true north

191
Q

This type of system has interactive inverters that are used with battery inverters to charge batteries:

A

AC Coupled System

192
Q

How much solar has been installed in the world by 2017?

A

Over 300GW

193
Q

What are 3 things a large utility scale system might have as parameters to monitor?

A

Wind Speeds : Solar Cell Temps : Irradiance

194
Q

The angle between the horizon and the sun is called what?

A

Solar Altitude Angle

195
Q

Who discovered the photovoltaic effect?

A

Edmund Becquerel

196
Q

What is a characteristic of an ungrounded inverter?

A

No DC grounded current carrying conductor

197
Q

Albedo radiation is ______

A

Reflected

198
Q

Storage battery overcurrent protection or a dc disconnect is not required for a voltage under _____

A

60V

199
Q

What are the units that you measure apparent power?

A

VA

200
Q

What is the current that would contract someone’s muscle, and someone would not be able to let go?

A

10 to 20 mA

201
Q

What is the NEC for?

A

Practical safeguarding of persons and property

202
Q

An arc is caused by higher ____

A

Voltage

203
Q

What is the most intense load on a PV system?

A

Wind

204
Q

What is REC?

A

1,000,000 Wh

205
Q

Which type of circuit has to have the wire and equipment sized based on at least 156% of short circuit current?

A

PV source circuits

206
Q

What is the PVUSA test conditions temperature?

A

20C ambient

207
Q

Which most commonly has a fuse in it in a modern PV system?

A

DC Combiner

208
Q

How do you get a reading with a low current source and a clamp on ammeter?

A

Loop the wire around and divide by the number of loops

209
Q

What is the slope of a 4:12 roof?

A

18 degrees

210
Q

How do you find the roof degree if you are only given the rise/run?

A

Divide and Tan -1

211
Q

Where would you find solar incentives on a state by state basis?

A

DSIRE website

212
Q

What does NRTL stand for?

A

Nationally Recognized Testing Labs

213
Q

What is the nominal voltage of a lithium-ion battery cell?

A

3.6V

214
Q

What percentage of PTC is STC?

A

108%

215
Q

What percentage of STC is PTC?

A

92%

216
Q

(T/F) It is ok to have dissimilar metals touch each other?

A

False

217
Q

What do you call the most common inverter used today and what was it called in the past?

A

functionally grounded that is non-isolated or transformer-less. Used to be called ungrounded

218
Q

What is VA?

A

Apparent Power

219
Q

What is VAR?

A

Reactive Apparent Power

220
Q

What is the efficiency of solar panels converting solar energy into electricity?

A

20%

221
Q

(T/F) Most PV systems are required to have dc ground fault protection for the
solar array?

A

True

222
Q

What is the neutral called?

A

Grounded Conductor

223
Q

The neutral is intentionally referenced to what?

A

Ground

224
Q

Does an Equipment Grounding Conductor carry current?

A

No

225
Q

Does temperature affect voltage or current more?

A

Voltage

226
Q

What is irradiance more likely to affect?

A

Current

227
Q

What do you call something if you divert excess electricity to a load that is not critical?

A

Diversion Load

228
Q

What is a SREC?

A

Solar Renewable Energy Certificate

229
Q

What does a feed-in-tariff do?

A

It is a performance based incentive that will give people back money for production of their solar system.

230
Q

Explain net-metering

A

This is where you get credit for electricity you put back onto the grid.

231
Q

What does MSDS stand for?

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

232
Q

The only time you base wire sizing on a short circuit is with a _______

A

PV Module

233
Q

How many strings of PV output circuits would require fuses in the DC disconnect?

A

3

234
Q

What is a ground fault?

A

A ground fault is usually when a current carrying conductor that is insulated has a
violation of the insulation and current comes through where there should be insulation to
something that is grounded.

235
Q

What does self commutated mean?

A

A commutation where the commutating voltage

is supplied within the inverter.

236
Q

What is C-Rate?

A

a way of explaining how much current a battery can safely

deliver

NABCEP (Associate) (1 decks)

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