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PSYC 210 > Reading Notes 7 > Flashcards

Reading Notes 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

The process by which consequences make responding more likely

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2
Q

What is punishment?

A

The process by which consequences make responding less likely

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3
Q

Much o/ our behavior is under aversive control by the _________ around us

A

Environment

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4
Q

Give an example o/ aversive control (vine example)

A

Girl scares her dad while doing the dishes

Aversive stimulus = Getting hit in the face by the dish

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5
Q

What is aversive stimuli?

A

Events that orgs. avoid or escape

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6
Q

Why does behavior occur?

A

We are trying to avoid bad things from happening

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7
Q

T/F: We deliver punishment

A

False, we deliver PUNISHERS
- A punisher is a stimulus

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7
Q

T/F: We deliver punishment

A

False, we deliver PUNISHERS
- A punisher is a stimulus

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8
Q

_______ is the procedure, ______ is a stimulus.

A

Punishment, punisher

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9
Q

What is a reprimand?

A

Admonishment, scolding, or censure

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10
Q

Think about the highlighted table from your notes. What does the data teach you?

A
  • Children tend to have less problematic behavior after a parent reprimands
  • However, the parent can make behavior stop but has to keep delivering reprimands
  • Therefore, we would still prefer that parents use other means to get problematic behavior to stop.
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11
Q

What is punishment?

A

The decrease in behavior that we observe with contingent presentation of a punisher, or removal o/ a reinforcer

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12
Q

T/F: We don’t punish or reinforce people

A

True, we always need to state what was punished (state response explicitly)

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13
Q

How do you distinguish whether behavior is SR or Pun?

A

Look at the behavior when determining whether reinforcement or reinforcement!

  • Punishment has OPPOSITE effect o/ reinforcement; they’re symmetrical
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14
Q

You are PRESENTED a stimulus following behavior. The effect INCREASES that behavior. Is this a reinforcer or punisher? What kind?

A

(+) Reinforcer

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15
Q

You are PRESENTED a stimulus following behavior. The effect DECREASES that behavior. Is this a reinforcer or punisher? What kind?

A

(+) Punisher

16
Q

A stimulus is REMOVED following a certain behavior. The effect INCREASES that behavior. Is this a reinforcer or punisher? What kind?

A

(-) Reinforcer

17
Q

A stimulus is REMOVED following a certain behavior. The effect DECREASES that behavior. Is this a reinforcer or punisher? What kind?

A

(-) Punisher

18
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Contingent presentation of a stimulus that results in a decrease in the future probability o/ that response.
- Behavior ↓

19
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Contingent removal of a stimulus that results in a decrease in the future probability o/ that response
- Behavior ↓

20
Q

T/F: Positive and negative equate to “good” and “bad.”

A

False

21
Q

Positive equates to:

A

Introduction (presentation) of a stimulus into the environment

22
Q

Negative equates to:

A

Removal of a stimulus from the environment

23
Q

To determine whether we have a reinforcer or a punisher, we must look to the effect on _____behavior.

A

Future

24
Q

T/F: The effects of punishment, like reinforcement, are generally, temporary.

A

True

25
Q

Extinction is what type of process?

A

Gradual
- Extinction reduces behavior bc reinforcers are withheld

26
Q

Punishment is what type of process?

A

Rapid
- Punishment reduces behavior bc punishers are presented OR reinforcers are withdrawn contingent on behavior

27
Q

T/F: Behavior gets faster when the response is punished, but recovers quickly when punishment is withdrawn.

A

False, Behavior SLOWS when response is punished

28
Q

What does the example of potty training teach you about reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers never go away, they can change

29
Q

What are the 3 variables influence the effectiveness of punishment?

A
  1. Immediacy
    - Deliver the punisher immediately
  2. Manner of Introduction
    - Punishing stimuli should be intense as ethically humane
  3. Motivation to respond
    - Punishment is more effective when the motivation to engage in the punished response is lowest
30
Q

Describe the study where pigeons were exposed to intermittent food for key pecking

A

Azrin et al. (1963)
- Pigeons received an electric shock for every 100th key peck, but the pigeons continued to earn food intermittently
- They got an electric shock for every 10th key peck, but they continued to earn food intermittently
- Motivation was altered by limiting the amt. o/ food the pigeons were given

31
Q

When was the electric shock in the pigeon experiment a punisher? When did it change, and what did it change to?

A

Shock as a punisher- when free-feeding (FF) body weight was 60%

Shock as DEPRIVATION- when free-feeding (FF) body weight was 85%

32
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When the removal, prevention, or attenuation of some stimulus results in an increase in the future probability of the response
- e.g. Putting on sunscreen when out in the sun

33
Q

What is a positive reinforcer?

A

Any event that increases operant behavior by its removal, prevention, or attenuation

34
Q

What are the two types of SR?

A
  1. Escape- when an aversive stimulus is present, and a response terminates that stimulus.
    - e.g. Upset stomach- medicine after
  2. Avoidance- the aversive stimulus is never present
    - e.g. Upset stomach- medicine prior
35
Q

What is the difference between escape avoidance?

A

Avoidance- aversive stimulus is never present

Escape- aversive stimulus is present

36
Q

What are the 2 types of avoidance?

A
  1. Discriminated avoidance- A warning signal precedes the aversive stimulus
    - e.g. Talking to your ex. A friend tells you your ex will be at the party tonight. You don’t go to party. You avoid seeing your ex.
  2. Non-discriminated avoidance- there are no warning signals that precede the aversive stimulus.
    - e.g. Computer freezes
37
Q

What does aversive control capture?

A

a. Negative reinforcement
b. Negative punishment
c. Positive punishment

38
Q

What is the difference between discriminated avoidance and non-discriminated avoidance?

A

Discriminated- there’s a warning sign

Non-discriminated- there are no warning signals

PSYC 210 (8 decks)

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