Reading Notes 7

Question 1

What is reinforcement?

Answer 1

The process by which consequences make responding more likely

Question 2

What is punishment?

Answer 2

The process by which consequences make responding less likely

Question 3

Much o/ our behavior is under aversive control by the _________ around us

Answer 3

Environment

Question 4

Give an example o/ aversive control (vine example)

Answer 4

Girl scares her dad while doing the dishes

Aversive stimulus = Getting hit in the face by the dish

Question 5

What is aversive stimuli?

Answer 5

Events that orgs. avoid or escape

Question 6

Why does behavior occur?

Answer 6

We are trying to avoid bad things from happening

Question 7

T/F: We deliver punishment

Answer 7

False, we deliver PUNISHERS
- A punisher is a stimulus

Question 7

T/F: We deliver punishment

Answer 7

False, we deliver PUNISHERS
- A punisher is a stimulus

Question 8

_______ is the procedure, ______ is a stimulus.

Answer 8

Punishment, punisher

Question 9

What is a reprimand?

Answer 9

Admonishment, scolding, or censure

Question 10

Think about the highlighted table from your notes. What does the data teach you?

Answer 10

• Children tend to have less problematic behavior after a parent reprimands
• However, the parent can make behavior stop but has to keep delivering reprimands
• Therefore, we would still prefer that parents use other means to get problematic behavior to stop.

Question 11

What is punishment?

Answer 11

The decrease in behavior that we observe with contingent presentation of a punisher, or removal o/ a reinforcer

Question 12

T/F: We don’t punish or reinforce people

Answer 12

True, we always need to state what was punished (state response explicitly)

Question 13

How do you distinguish whether behavior is SR or Pun?

Answer 13

Look at the behavior when determining whether reinforcement or reinforcement!

• Punishment has OPPOSITE effect o/ reinforcement; they’re symmetrical

Question 14

You are PRESENTED a stimulus following behavior. The effect INCREASES that behavior. Is this a reinforcer or punisher? What kind?

Answer 14

(+) Reinforcer

Question 15

You are PRESENTED a stimulus following behavior. The effect DECREASES that behavior. Is this a reinforcer or punisher? What kind?

Answer 15

(+) Punisher

Question 16

A stimulus is REMOVED following a certain behavior. The effect INCREASES that behavior. Is this a reinforcer or punisher? What kind?

Answer 16

(-) Reinforcer

Question 17

A stimulus is REMOVED following a certain behavior. The effect DECREASES that behavior. Is this a reinforcer or punisher? What kind?

Answer 17

(-) Punisher

Question 18

What is positive punishment?

Answer 18

Contingent presentation of a stimulus that results in a decrease in the future probability o/ that response.
- Behavior ↓

Question 19

What is negative punishment?

Answer 19

Contingent removal of a stimulus that results in a decrease in the future probability o/ that response
- Behavior ↓

Question 20

T/F: Positive and negative equate to “good” and “bad.”

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Positive equates to:

Answer 21

Introduction (presentation) of a stimulus into the environment

Question 22

Negative equates to:

Answer 22

Removal of a stimulus from the environment

Question 23

To determine whether we have a reinforcer or a punisher, we must look to the effect on _____behavior.

Answer 23

Future

Question 24

T/F: The effects of punishment, like reinforcement, are generally, temporary.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Extinction is what type of process?

Answer 25

Gradual - Extinction reduces behavior bc reinforcers are withheld

Question 26

Punishment is what type of process?

Answer 26

Rapid - Punishment reduces behavior bc punishers are presented OR reinforcers are withdrawn contingent on behavior

Question 27

T/F: Behavior gets faster when the response is punished, but recovers quickly when punishment is withdrawn.

Answer 27

False, Behavior SLOWS when response is punished

Question 28

What does the example of potty training teach you about reinforcers?

Answer 28

Reinforcers never go away, they can change

Question 29

What are the 3 variables influence the effectiveness of punishment?

Answer 29

1. Immediacy - Deliver the punisher immediately 2. Manner of Introduction - Punishing stimuli should be intense as ethically humane 3. Motivation to respond - Punishment is more effective when the motivation to engage in the punished response is lowest

Question 30

Describe the study where pigeons were exposed to intermittent food for key pecking

Answer 30

Azrin et al. (1963) - Pigeons received an electric shock for every 100th key peck, but the pigeons continued to earn food intermittently - They got an electric shock for every 10th key peck, but they continued to earn food intermittently - Motivation was altered by limiting the amt. o/ food the pigeons were given

Question 31

When was the electric shock in the pigeon experiment a punisher? When did it change, and what did it change to?

Answer 31

Shock as a punisher- when free-feeding (FF) body weight was 60% Shock as DEPRIVATION- when free-feeding (FF) body weight was 85%

Question 32

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 32

When the removal, prevention, or attenuation of some stimulus results in an increase in the future probability of the response - e.g. Putting on sunscreen when out in the sun

Question 33

What is a positive reinforcer?

Answer 33

Any event that increases operant behavior by its removal, prevention, or attenuation

Question 34

What are the two types of SR?

Answer 34

1. Escape- when an aversive stimulus is present, and a response terminates that stimulus. - e.g. Upset stomach- medicine after 2. Avoidance- the aversive stimulus is never present - e.g. Upset stomach- medicine prior

Question 35

What is the difference between escape avoidance?

Answer 35

Avoidance- aversive stimulus is never present Escape- aversive stimulus is present

Question 36

What are the 2 types of avoidance?

Answer 36

1. Discriminated avoidance- A warning signal precedes the aversive stimulus - e.g. Talking to your ex. A friend tells you your ex will be at the party tonight. You don't go to party. You avoid seeing your ex. 2. Non-discriminated avoidance- there are no warning signals that precede the aversive stimulus. - e.g. Computer freezes

Question 37

What does aversive control capture?

Answer 37

a. Negative reinforcement b. Negative punishment c. Positive punishment

Question 38

What is the difference between discriminated avoidance and non-discriminated avoidance?

Answer 38

Discriminated- there's a warning sign Non-discriminated- there are no warning signals