Reading Foundations Flashcards
Phonological Awareness
The ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of sentences and words
Examples of phonological awareness
Identifying rhyming words, segmenting sentences, and identifying syllables
Phonics
knowledge of letter sounds and the ability to apply the knowledge in decoding unfamiliar words
Phonemic Awareness
the ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in words
Phonemic awareness examples
blending sounds into words, segmenting words into sounds, and deleting and playing with sounds in wors
Word Families
words that have common spelling patterns
Morpheme
the smallest unit in language that carries meaning
Onset
initial consonant sound of a syllable
Rime
the string of letters that follow the onset
Ex of onset and rime
Cat; c- is the onset and -at is the rime
Consonant Blends
A unit comprised of 2-3 consonants adjacent to each other
Criteria of morphemes
- A word or part of a word that has meaning
- Can’t be divided into smaller segments without changing its meaning
- Has the same stable meaning in different verbal environments
Affixes
a bound morpheme that occurs before or after a base; prefixes and suffixes
Reading fluency
ability to read accurately, smoothly, and with expression
Reading comprehension; student requirements
students must accurately recognize the words and process oral language
Reading comprehension
The ability to read text, process it, and understand its meaning
Phonics Generalizations
Phonics rules taught to emerging readers to help them learn letter combination sounds
Benefit of phonics generalizations
increases reading and spelling ability
Reading Automaticity
Ability to quickly and accurately identify letters, letter sound correspondences, and isolated words
Compound Words
two or more words combined to create a new word
structural analysis
a strategy used to facilitate decoding as students become proficient readers
how does structural analysis help students?
it helps them learn parts of words so they can easily decode unknown words
homographs
words that are spelling the same but have different meanings
semantics
meaning of words; aids in students understanding
literary allusion
a reference to a person, place, or thing from previous literature
Metacognition
awareness and understanding of one’s own thought process
metacognitive reading strategy
while reading to students “thinking aloud” to demonstrate the connection between the text and their thoughts
standardized informal reading inventories
a diagnostic tool that assesses a student’s reading comprehension and accuracy
leveled text
texts made for the student to interact with
independent clause
a group of words that contain one subject and one verb; expresses a complete thought
dependent clause
a group of words containing a subject and verb; doesn’t express a complete thought
literary response
builds an argument about a text using evidence
scaffolds
supports for learning or solving problems
trade books
books published for the general public
phonemic blending
the ability to hear the sounds in a word, put them together, and say the word that is made
phonemic segmentation
the ability to break words down into individual sounds
phoneme substitution
substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word; develops students’ phonemic awareness
letter patterns
letters that often appear together in many words
-eg, -tion, and -ing
letter-sound correspondence
the relationship of the letters in the alphabet to the sounds they produce
grapheme
a written representation of a sound using one or more letters
syllable
a word part that contains a vowel, or, in spoken language, a vowel sound
phoneme isolation; students
student recognizes the individual sound in a word
phoneme identity; students
student can recognize the same sounds in different words
phoneme categorization; student
student can recognize the word in a set of three or four words that has the “odd” sound
phoneme blending; student
student can listen to separate phonemes and combine them to form a word
phoneme segmentation; student
student can break a word into its separate sounds; think tapping out
phoneme deletion; student
student recognizes the word that remains when a phoneme is removed
phoneme addition; student
student can make a new word by adding a phoneme to an existing word
phoneme substitution; student
student can substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word
alphabetic principle
phonemes that are represented by letters and letter pairs
environmental print
print found in our environment
development in emergent readers
- understand print carries meaning
- mimic readers in their lives
- build oral language
- develop knowledge of letter names
- build a sense of rhyming
digraphs
two consonant letters that together make a new sound
accuracy
the percentage of words read correctly
rate
the speed with which a text is read
prosody
the overall “smoothness” of the reading which includes phrasing, expression, and intonation
base words
words from which many other words are formed
root word
the origin of a word
Concepts About Print (CAP)
assesses the literacy knowledge of kindergarten children and first graders
CAP Skills Assessed
book handling, directionality, word-by-word matching, and locating words in print
Diagnostic Assessment
assessment designed to determine and diagnose a student’s strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills
Formative Assessment
assessment that provides teachers information about students thinking
Informal Reading Inventory (IRI)
survey to help a teacher determine a student’s reading instructional needs
Miscue Analysis
a way of closely observing and analyzing oral reading behaviors
Reading Miscue Inventory
a teacher records a child’s reading behavior noting miscues, self corrections, etc.
Screening Assessment
given at the beginning of the school year to determine student’s reading level
Summative Assessment
assessment that is comprehensive in nature
Alphabetic Principle
the concept that letters and letter combinations represent individual phonemes
auditory discrimination skills
the ability to detect differences in sounds
digraphs
two consecutive consonants that represent one phoneme
dipthong
a vowel produced by the tongue shifting positions during articulation
direct instructioin
the teacher defines the concept, guides the students, and arranges for extended practice till mastery
explicit instruction
teachers language is concise, specific, and related to the objective
involves teacher modeling and explanation
letter-sound correspondence
a phoneme associated with a letter
phoneme
the smallest unit of sound within our language system
phonological processing
involves detecting and discriminating the differences in phonemes under conditions of little or no distraction
syntax
the word order pattern in sentences
automaticity
refers to any skilled and complex behavior that can be performed to reading easily with little conscious awareness
concept map
visual framework for organizing conceptual info in the process of defining a word or concept
fluency
ability to read text quickly, accurately, and with proper expression
phrasing
breaking down bodies of writing into parts and then reading these parts literally
structural analysis skills
procedure for teaching students to read words formed with prefixes, suffixes, or other meaningful word parts
interactive reading
students interact with a text before, during, and after reading as they construct meaning from the text
before reading strategies
activating prior knowledge, previewing a text, setting a purpose for reading
during reading strategies
modeling the thought process, making inferences, constructing mental images, and monitoring comprehension
after reading strategies
summarizing, retelling, confirming predications, evaluation, connection, and comparision
text features
elements of a text that give additional info to the reader
synthesizing
the process of connecting and merging ideas from different parts of the same text or across different texts
