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Ocular Motility > Reading Eye Movements > Flashcards

Reading Eye Movements Flashcards

1
Q

T/F reading eye movements are some of the more complex movements we make

A

true

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2
Q

What are characteristics of reading eye movements?

A

saccades NOT pursuits, internally driven, include perceptual aspects

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3
Q

What are perceptual aspects of reading eye movements?

A

text processing, comprehension, short term memory, generally interest, language

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4
Q

Who discovered that reading eye movements are saccades not pursuits?

A

javal 1879

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5
Q

What are the three basic patterns of reading eye movement?

A

fixations, regressions, return sweep

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6
Q

Describe the reading fixations

A

1-2 degrees, average 8 characters apart (english)

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7
Q

Describe reading regressions

A

only a few characters, text confusion/comprehension

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8
Q

Describe reading return sweeps

A

saccade to next line, 12-20 degrees, 6th character from end to 6th character in

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9
Q

What technology records reading eye movements?

A

readalyzer

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10
Q

T/F we fixate on each word when we read

A

false

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11
Q

How does skimming differ from reading?

A

way fewer fixations in skimming

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12
Q

What is the perceptual span of reading?

A

amount of text processed during a fixation, asymmetric

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13
Q

How long is the perceptual span in english?

A

extends from 4 characters to the left of fixation over to 15 characters to the right of fixation

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14
Q

T/F successive perceptual spans overlap

A

true, allows for integration of info

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15
Q

How long is the fixation duration?

A

225 msec (remember this is saccadic latency) but also is text dependent

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16
Q

What is the reading rate for an average college reader?

A

290-300 words per minute (w/ minimum of 70% comprehension)

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17
Q

What is the reading rate for skimming?

A

400-500 words per minute

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18
Q

What is the average duration of fixation for college level reader?

A

240 msec

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19
Q

How many fixations to college readers use for 100 words?

A

90

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20
Q

How many regressions does a college reader have for 100 words?

A

10

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21
Q

What approach are we using when we don’t fixate on every word?

A

top down approach

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22
Q

What is the top down approach?

A

we form perceptions starting with the larger concept or idea and then working down to finer detail

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23
Q

How is central retina involved in reading?

A

used for basic resolution, when occluded get worst comprehension and slowest reading rate

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24
Q

How is parafoveal retina involved in reading?

A

near parafovea used for semantics and far parafovea used for motor planning

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25
Q

How does a scotoma affect reading?

A

scotoma to R worse than scotoma to L due to poor planning ability; no adverse effect with supra/infra foveal loss

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26
Q

How often do we sample the world for changes?

A

4-5 times per second

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27
Q

T/F our perception of the world is always just a bit behind the actual events that occur in space

A

true

28
Q

Where do good readers look when they fixate words?

A

1/3 of the way into the word

29
Q

T/F we made the same size reading saccade every time

A

false

30
Q

How do immature readers saccade?

A

they saccade too big to the right from lack of fine control of oculomotor system and lack of knowing where to go and attention window too small, to fix must make small saccade left, lots of regressions

31
Q

In normal readers what percent of saccades are regressions?

A

12-15%

32
Q

In poor readers what percent of saccades are regressions?

A

35-40%

33
Q

What percent of words do you need to read to understand what you’re reading?

A

9%

34
Q

What are tracking problems?

A

many more fixations, more regressions and have to reassemble chunks of text for meaning, get bored during process, mismatch of speed is problem

35
Q

What are the two main types of dyslexia?

A

developmental/congenital and acquired

36
Q

What is developmental dyslexia?

A

reading disability, at least 2 years behind expected grade level, normal intelligence, normal sensory vision, no neuro or emotional disorders

37
Q

What are the two subgroups of developmental dyslexia?

A

language deficit and visual spatial

38
Q

What is language deficit developmental dyslexia?

A

poor performance with age-level material, better performance with reading level material, problem is with language processing

39
Q

What is visual-spatial developmental dyslexia?

A

much less common, poor return sweeps, reverse staircases, problem with visual spatial relations

40
Q

T/F poor eye movements cause dyslexia

A

false

41
Q

What is acquired dyslexia?

A

reading disability in previously normal reader, result of neuro insult like stroke

42
Q

What are complaints of acquired dyslexia?

A

reduced comprehension, difficult in sequencing, problems maintaining fixation, need to move head

43
Q

When does dyslexia treatment involve optometry?

A

many surgeries overlap with BV dysfunction, OMD perceptual issues, VT eval

44
Q

What is the breitmeye/lovegrove hypothesis?

A

an older hypothesis about how magno and parvo interact in reading

45
Q

What system has a sustained response?

A

parvo

46
Q

What system has a transient response?

A

magno

47
Q

What is the purpose of the transient/magno response?

A

to suppress the info in the overlap area and minimize confusion so better perception

48
Q

What is the magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia?

A

postulates that dyslexia is the result of reduced sensitivity in the magnocellular system

49
Q

What is the cause of dyslexia through the magno/parvo mindset?

A

dyslexia is the result of a failure to keep separate neural activity during different fixations

50
Q

What is the transient system deficit theory?

A

magno system suppresses the parvo system during each saccade causing the activity of the parvo system to terminate and prevent lingering

51
Q

What does the breitmeyer/lovegrove theory fail to address?

A

how we figure out where our next fixation should go

52
Q

What is the preview system?

A

looks ahead and pre-processes spatial info about the size of words, where they begin, and where they end

53
Q

What system do we use to pre-process?

A

magno and parafoveal

54
Q

What is wrong about the Breitmeyer/lovegrove hypothesis?

A

magnocellular system can’t just be an eraser, the two streams do not reassemble together to form a unified image

55
Q

What is the current preview system hypothesis?

A

fixation point is parvo and preprocess zone is magno

56
Q

What is gestalt and how does it help?

A

the general shape of the word, tells us how long the word is so we don’t have to guess where 1/3 of the way in is

57
Q

T/F parvo and magno systems work simultaneously during reading?

A

true

58
Q

What happened during the lateral masking experiment?

A

target identification in eccentric position, good readers could not correctly ID by 5 degrees eccentricity while dyslexic patients could correctly ID further out from fovea

59
Q

Why can dyslexic patients better ID letters in eccentric position?

A

there is a making effect losing detail further out, only use shape of info to plan movements… good thing, detail gets in the way so good readers don’t use it

60
Q

T/F “software” of fixation in reading is language dependent

A

true

61
Q

What is a garden path sentence?

A

used in psycholinguistics to illustrate that humans process language one word at a time, have confusing sentence structure

62
Q

What do poor music sight readers do?

A

look at what they are currently playing, make more mistakes, never look at dynamics, little preview

63
Q

What do good music sight readers do?

A

more fixations, more regressions, lots of jumping ahead, do not get stuck

64
Q

What is the poor and good sight readers; ration of regressions to fixations?

A

poor 20-24%; good 50-57%

65
Q

How is oration different than reading out loud?

A

an orator uses massive look-ahead where current visual input is well ahead of the actual spoken voice

Ocular Motility (13 decks)

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