Reading Eye Movements

Question 1

T/F reading eye movements are some of the more complex movements we make

Answer 1

true

Question 2

What are characteristics of reading eye movements?

Answer 2

saccades NOT pursuits, internally driven, include perceptual aspects

Question 3

What are perceptual aspects of reading eye movements?

Answer 3

text processing, comprehension, short term memory, generally interest, language

Question 4

Who discovered that reading eye movements are saccades not pursuits?

Answer 4

javal 1879

Question 5

What are the three basic patterns of reading eye movement?

Answer 5

fixations, regressions, return sweep

Question 6

Describe the reading fixations

Answer 6

1-2 degrees, average 8 characters apart (english)

Question 7

Describe reading regressions

Answer 7

only a few characters, text confusion/comprehension

Question 8

Describe reading return sweeps

Answer 8

saccade to next line, 12-20 degrees, 6th character from end to 6th character in

Question 9

What technology records reading eye movements?

Answer 9

readalyzer

Question 10

T/F we fixate on each word when we read

Answer 10

false

Question 11

How does skimming differ from reading?

Answer 11

way fewer fixations in skimming

Question 12

What is the perceptual span of reading?

Answer 12

amount of text processed during a fixation, asymmetric

Question 13

How long is the perceptual span in english?

Answer 13

extends from 4 characters to the left of fixation over to 15 characters to the right of fixation

Question 14

T/F successive perceptual spans overlap

Answer 14

true, allows for integration of info

Question 15

How long is the fixation duration?

Answer 15

225 msec (remember this is saccadic latency) but also is text dependent

Question 16

What is the reading rate for an average college reader?

Answer 16

290-300 words per minute (w/ minimum of 70% comprehension)

Question 17

What is the reading rate for skimming?

Answer 17

400-500 words per minute

Question 18

What is the average duration of fixation for college level reader?

Answer 18

240 msec

Question 19

How many fixations to college readers use for 100 words?

Answer 19

90

Question 20

How many regressions does a college reader have for 100 words?

Answer 20

10

Question 21

What approach are we using when we don’t fixate on every word?

Answer 21

top down approach

Question 22

What is the top down approach?

Answer 22

we form perceptions starting with the larger concept or idea and then working down to finer detail

Question 23

How is central retina involved in reading?

Answer 23

used for basic resolution, when occluded get worst comprehension and slowest reading rate

Question 24

How is parafoveal retina involved in reading?

Answer 24

near parafovea used for semantics and far parafovea used for motor planning

Question 25

How does a scotoma affect reading?

Answer 25

scotoma to R worse than scotoma to L due to poor planning ability; no adverse effect with supra/infra foveal loss

Question 26

How often do we sample the world for changes?

Answer 26

4-5 times per second

Question 27

T/F our perception of the world is always just a bit behind the actual events that occur in space

Answer 27

true

Question 28

Where do good readers look when they fixate words?

Answer 28

1/3 of the way into the word

Question 29

T/F we made the same size reading saccade every time

Answer 29

false

Question 30

How do immature readers saccade?

Answer 30

they saccade too big to the right from lack of fine control of oculomotor system and lack of knowing where to go and attention window too small, to fix must make small saccade left, lots of regressions

Question 31

In normal readers what percent of saccades are regressions?

Answer 31

12-15%

Question 32

In poor readers what percent of saccades are regressions?

Answer 32

35-40%

Question 33

What percent of words do you need to read to understand what you're reading?

Answer 33

9%

Question 34

What are tracking problems?

Answer 34

many more fixations, more regressions and have to reassemble chunks of text for meaning, get bored during process, mismatch of speed is problem

Question 35

What are the two main types of dyslexia?

Answer 35

developmental/congenital and acquired

Question 36

What is developmental dyslexia?

Answer 36

reading disability, at least 2 years behind expected grade level, normal intelligence, normal sensory vision, no neuro or emotional disorders

Question 37

What are the two subgroups of developmental dyslexia?

Answer 37

language deficit and visual spatial

Question 38

What is language deficit developmental dyslexia?

Answer 38

poor performance with age-level material, better performance with reading level material, problem is with language processing

Question 39

What is visual-spatial developmental dyslexia?

Answer 39

much less common, poor return sweeps, reverse staircases, problem with visual spatial relations

Question 40

T/F poor eye movements cause dyslexia

Answer 40

false

Question 41

What is acquired dyslexia?

Answer 41

reading disability in previously normal reader, result of neuro insult like stroke

Question 42

What are complaints of acquired dyslexia?

Answer 42

reduced comprehension, difficult in sequencing, problems maintaining fixation, need to move head

Question 43

When does dyslexia treatment involve optometry?

Answer 43

many surgeries overlap with BV dysfunction, OMD perceptual issues, VT eval

Question 44

What is the breitmeye/lovegrove hypothesis?

Answer 44

an older hypothesis about how magno and parvo interact in reading

Question 45

What system has a sustained response?

Answer 45

parvo

Question 46

What system has a transient response?

Answer 46

magno

Question 47

What is the purpose of the transient/magno response?

Answer 47

to suppress the info in the overlap area and minimize confusion so better perception

Question 48

What is the magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia?

Answer 48

postulates that dyslexia is the result of reduced sensitivity in the magnocellular system

Question 49

What is the cause of dyslexia through the magno/parvo mindset?

Answer 49

dyslexia is the result of a failure to keep separate neural activity during different fixations

Question 50

What is the transient system deficit theory?

Answer 50

magno system suppresses the parvo system during each saccade causing the activity of the parvo system to terminate and prevent lingering

Question 51

What does the breitmeyer/lovegrove theory fail to address?

Answer 51

how we figure out where our next fixation should go

Question 52

What is the preview system?

Answer 52

looks ahead and pre-processes spatial info about the size of words, where they begin, and where they end

Question 53

What system do we use to pre-process?

Answer 53

magno and parafoveal

Question 54

What is wrong about the Breitmeyer/lovegrove hypothesis?

Answer 54

magnocellular system can't just be an eraser, the two streams do not reassemble together to form a unified image

Question 55

What is the current preview system hypothesis?

Answer 55

fixation point is parvo and preprocess zone is magno

Question 56

What is gestalt and how does it help?

Answer 56

the general shape of the word, tells us how long the word is so we don't have to guess where 1/3 of the way in is

Question 57

T/F parvo and magno systems work simultaneously during reading?

Answer 57

true

Question 58

What happened during the lateral masking experiment?

Answer 58

target identification in eccentric position, good readers could not correctly ID by 5 degrees eccentricity while dyslexic patients could correctly ID further out from fovea

Question 59

Why can dyslexic patients better ID letters in eccentric position?

Answer 59

there is a making effect losing detail further out, only use shape of info to plan movements... good thing, detail gets in the way so good readers don't use it

Question 60

T/F "software" of fixation in reading is language dependent

Answer 60

true

Question 61

What is a garden path sentence?

Answer 61

used in psycholinguistics to illustrate that humans process language one word at a time, have confusing sentence structure

Question 62

What do poor music sight readers do?

Answer 62

look at what they are currently playing, make more mistakes, never look at dynamics, little preview

Question 63

What do good music sight readers do?

Answer 63

more fixations, more regressions, lots of jumping ahead, do not get stuck

Question 64

What is the poor and good sight readers; ration of regressions to fixations?

Answer 64

poor 20-24%; good 50-57%

Question 65

How is oration different than reading out loud?

Answer 65

an orator uses massive look-ahead where current visual input is well ahead of the actual spoken voice