Reading & English Flashcards
Figurative language
Simile Metaphor Personification Synecdoche Metonymy
Simile - comparison between 2 unlike things using like or as
Metaphor - comparison between 2 unlike things without using like or as
Personification - Giving a human characteristic to non human thing or idea
Synecdoche - using a part of something to symbolize the whole
Metonymy - one term associated with the other to mean the other
Prose & Poetry - describe each
Prose - everyday communication
Poetry - manipulation to language with respect to meaning, meter, sound and rhythm
Fiction vs. Non-Fiction
Fiction - literary work usually presented as prose that is not true
Non-Fiction - literary work that is based on fact
Alliteration
Assonance
Onomatopoeia
Alliteration - repetition of the first sound or syllable with words in close proximity
Assonance - Repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds
Onomatopoeia - words that imitate sounds
Meter
Iambic Anapestic Trochaic Dactylic Spondaic Pyrrhic
Meter - recurring pattern of stressed an unstressed syllables to create rhythm
Iambic - an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed
syllable
Anapestic - Two unstressed syllables followed by a
stressed syllable
Trochaic - 1 stressed syllable followed by an unstressed
syllable
Dactylic - a stressed syllable followed by 2 unstressed
syllables
Spondaic - 2 consecutive syllables that are stressed
almost equally
Pyrrhic - 2 consecutive syllables that are equally
unstressed
Blank vs Free verse
Blank verse - unrhymed verse that consists of lines of iambic pentameter which is five feet of unstressed and stressed syllables
Free verse - lacks regular patterns of poetic feet but has more controlled rhythm than prose in terms of pace and pause, no rhyme
Short Story
prose fiction that has the same elements as a novel, plot, characters and point of view
Primary & Secondary Research
Primary Research - material that comes from the horse’s mouth
Secondary Research - anything that is not primary
Poetry
Role of emotion
Line structure
Stanza Structure
Emotion - Designed to appeal to the physical & emotional senses
Line structure - any length, any metrical pattern, determined by how it is written on the page
Stanza structure - group of lines, each group denotes a relationship among the lines
Literacy
Ability to read and write, identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying context.
Subset includes phonological awareness, decoding, comprehension and vocabulary
Phonological Awareness
ability to perceive sound structures in a spoken word, such as syllables and individual phonemes within syllables
- auditory skill
Teaching can include - clapping, practice saying blended phonemes, reading poems, songs, nursery rhymes, alliterative text, etc.
Alphabetic principle
use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds
How to develop language skills
- modeling enriched vocab and teaching new words
- using questions and examples to exude descriptive language
- provide ample response time to encourage speech practice
- ask for clarification to develop communication skills
- promote conversation among children
- provide feedback to let them know they were heard and understood
Print & Book awareness provides:
- a connection between print and messages contained in signs, labels, etc.
- reading and writing are ways to obtain info
- print runs left to right
- book has parts and authors
- illustrations carry meanings
- letters and words are different
- words and sentences are separated by spaces and communication
- different text forms are used for different functions
- print represents spoken language
Decoding
method or strategy used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them
Phonics
process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters. Commonly used method to teach decoding and reading
Fluency
goal of literacy development, evidence includes ability to
recognize words automatically and group words for comprehension
Vocabulary Development
- calling on a student’s prior knowledge and making comparisons
- defining a word and providing multiple examples of the use
- showing how to use context clues to discover the meaning
- providing instruction on prefixes, roots and suffixes
- showing how to use a dictionary or thesaurus
- studying a group of words related to a single subject
Affixes
Prefixes
Root Words
Suffix
Affixes - syllables attached to the beginning or end of a word to make a derivative form of the word
Prefix - a syllable that appears at the beginning of a word
Root word - base word to which affixes can be added
Suffix - syllable that appears at the end of a word
Context Clues
4 types
words or phrases that help a reader figure out the meaning of an unknown word
synonyms - word with a similar meaning is placed close for comparison
antonyms - word with a different meaning is placed close for comparison
explanation - obvious explanation given close to the word
examples - examples of what the word means are given to help define the term
Comprehension
when the student has the vocabulary and reading skills necessary to make sense of the whole picture, not just the word
Literal vs. Critical Comprehension
Literal - refers to the skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text. Identify topic sentence, main idea important facts, and sequencing of events
Critical - involves prior knowledge and an understanding that written material, especially nonfiction, is the authors version of the subject. Involves analysis of meaning, evaluation, validation, questioning and reasoning skills
Metacognition
thinking about thinking. Taking an active role in reading
taking control of their own learning process, self-monitoring progress, evaluating effectiveness of strategy and making adjustments as needed.
Awareness, Planning, Self monitoring and reflecting
Critical Thinking Tools for readers
- Summarization - main points and important details
- Question generation - constantly ask questions while reading about comprehension, vocab, predictions, etc.
- Textual Meaning - engages the reader by having him interact with text, highlight, shorthand, etc.
4 Language development theories
Learning approach - language is first learned by imitating then solidified in school through drills and rules
Linguistic approach - Noam Chombsky, 1950s, ability to use language is innate
Cognitive approach - Piaget, 1970s, children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language
Sociocognitive approach - 1970s, language development is a complex interaction of linguistics, social and cognitive influences
Fairy Tale
Fable
Tall Tale
Fairy Tale - fictional story involving humans, magical events and animals
Fable - animals, plants and forces of nature act like humans and it teaches a moral lesson
Tall Tale - exaggerates human abilities or describes unbelievable events
Topic Sentece
states the paragraph’s subject, presents the main idea
Cause & Effect
cause - reason for actions or events
effect - results of cause or causes
ability to identify is part of critical thinking
facts and opinions
Facts - statements that can be verified through research; who, what, when, why, where
Opinions - personal views
Invalid arguments - 4 types
- ad hominem - attacks person’s character or behavior
- hasty generalization - condemnation of a group based on the behavior of one person or a part
- faulty causation - assigning wrong cause to an event
- bandwagon effect - everyone is doing, must be right
important for reader to be able to identify various types of invalid arguments ot prevent being deceived and making faulty conclusions
Inductive & Deductive Reasoning
Inductive - using particulars to draw a general conclusion. Starts with data
Deductive - general facts or premise to come to a specific conclusion
Narrative Theme -
thread that ties all elements of the story together and gives them purpose. central idea of a work. The theme is not the subject of a work, but what a work says about a subject and must be universal
Types of Paragraphs & Essays
Illustrative Narrative Descriptive Comparison & Contrast Classification Cause & Effect Persuasive
pg 23
3 ways an explanation can be presented in definition paragraphs or essays
- definition by synonym
- definition by class
- definition by negation
Beginning Stages of Writing
- Drawing pictures - conveys thoughts & feelings
- scribble stage
- learning the alphabet and writing left to right
- written words - not complete, but usually correct beginning and end with attempts at vowels
- writing, spelling will be phonetic
speaking skills children should have
- speak at an appropriate volume, tone and page
- pronounce most words accurately
- use complete sentences
- make eye contact
- use appropriate gestures
- exhibit awareness of audience and made adjustments
- ask relevant questions
- respond appropriately when asked information or opinion
- speak in turn
- provide a summary
- participate in small or large group discussions/debates
- read orally before an audience
- conduct short interviews
- provide directions and explanations
Listening skills children should develop
- follow oral instruction consistently
- actively listen to peers & teachers
- avoid distracting behaviors
- respond to listening activities and exhibit ability to discuss, illustrate or write about the activity
- respond to listening activities and exhibit ability to identify themes, ideas, etc.
- respond to persuasive speaker and exhibit ability to analyze and evaluate credibility
- demonstrate appropriate social behavior while part of an audience
