Reading and Writing: Conventional Approach Theorists

Question 1

Barry Kroll

Answer 1

Writes about stages of spelling in children

Question 2

What are the stages Kroll theorizes?

Answer 2

• Preparation (-6 years)
• Consolidation (7-8 years)
• Differentiation (9-10 years)
• Integration (mid teens)

Question 3

Kroll: Preparation stage

Answer 3

• up to 6 years
• basic motor skills
• some basic spelling

Question 4

Kroll: Consolidation stage

Answer 4

• 7-8 years
• Writing is similar to spoken language
• casual/colloquial
• Elliptical sentences
• lots of clauses joined by conjunction ‘and’

Question 5

Kroll: Differentiation stage

Answer 5

• ‘personal voice’ starts to be seen
• separates writing from speech
• understanding of writing for different audiences/purposes
• writing becomes more automatic

Question 6

Kroll: Integration stage

Answer 6

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Question 7

Jenny Chall stages

Answer 7

• Pre-reading (up to 6)
• initial reading and decoding (6-7)
• confirmation and fluency (7-8)
• reading and learning (9-13)

Question 8

Jenny Chall: Pre-reading

Answer 8

• up to 6
• children still read to
• pretend/imitate reading
• identify some letters

Question 9

Jenny Chall: Initial reading and decoding

Answer 9

• 6-7
• begin to decode words
• understand basic texts
• reading process slow = hinders process of understanding text

Question 10

Jenny Chall: Confirmation and fluency

Answer 10

• 7-8
• reading is faster process
• read with fluency

Question 11

Jenny Chall: reading to learn

Answer 11

• 9-13
• access more complex texts
• can scan out specific details of text

Question 12

Richard Gentry

Answer 12

five stages of spelling

Question 13

Richard Gentry: Stage one

Answer 13

• pre-communicative

- non-alphabetic writing

Question 14

Richard Gentry: Stage two

Answer 14

• semi-phonetic

- partial alphabetic writing

Question 15

Richard Gentry: Stage three

Answer 15

• Phonetic

- full-alphabetic writing

Question 16

Richard Gentry: Stage four

Answer 16

• Transitional
• solid spelling
• silent letters start to be acknowledged in words

Question 17

Mary Clay

Answer 17

proposed child progresses through four stages of writing development:

1. Recurring principle
2. Directional principle
3. Generating Principle
4. Inventory principle

Question 18

Mary Clay: Recurring Principle

Answer 18

• only knows limited number of letters

- uses them repeatedly to convey what they think is a message

Question 19

Mary Clay: Directional Principle

Answer 19

begins to learn directionality and return sweep

Question 20

Mary Clay: Generating Principle

Answer 20

beings to recognise that there are patterns that can be used from the letters of the alphabet to convey a message

Question 21

Mary Clay: Inventory Principle

Answer 21

begins to package knowledge together into meaningful words/sentences

Question 22

Yetta Goodman

Answer 22

• researched ‘emerging print awareness’
• categorised children’s writing into three principles:
  1. The Functional Principle
  2. The Linguistic Principle
  3. The Relational Principle

Question 23

Yetta Goodman: The Functional Principle

Answer 23

notion that writing can serve purpose

Question 24

Yetta Goodman: The Linguistic Principle

Answer 24

notion that writing is a system that is organised with directionality e.g. understanding of punctuation

Question 25

Yetta Goodman: The Relational Principle

Answer 25

understand the written alphabetic system carries meaning the same as spoken words do

Question 26

Rothery

Answer 26

categories that appear in early writing:

1. observation
2. recount
3. report
4. narrative

Question 27

James Briton

Answer 27

three types of writing

1. expressive writing