Reading and Writing: Conventional Approach Theorists Flashcards
Barry Kroll
Writes about stages of spelling in children
What are the stages Kroll theorizes?
- Preparation (-6 years)
- Consolidation (7-8 years)
- Differentiation (9-10 years)
- Integration (mid teens)
Kroll: Preparation stage
- up to 6 years
- basic motor skills
- some basic spelling
Kroll: Consolidation stage
- 7-8 years
- Writing is similar to spoken language
- casual/colloquial
- Elliptical sentences
- lots of clauses joined by conjunction ‘and’
Kroll: Differentiation stage
- ‘personal voice’ starts to be seen
- separates writing from speech
- understanding of writing for different audiences/purposes
- writing becomes more automatic
Kroll: Integration stage
-
Jenny Chall stages
- Pre-reading (up to 6)
- initial reading and decoding (6-7)
- confirmation and fluency (7-8)
- reading and learning (9-13)
Jenny Chall: Pre-reading
- up to 6
- children still read to
- pretend/imitate reading
- identify some letters
Jenny Chall: Initial reading and decoding
- 6-7
- begin to decode words
- understand basic texts
- reading process slow = hinders process of understanding text
Jenny Chall: Confirmation and fluency
- 7-8
- reading is faster process
- read with fluency
Jenny Chall: reading to learn
- 9-13
- access more complex texts
- can scan out specific details of text
Richard Gentry
five stages of spelling
Richard Gentry: Stage one
- pre-communicative
- non-alphabetic writing
Richard Gentry: Stage two
- semi-phonetic
- partial alphabetic writing
Richard Gentry: Stage three
- Phonetic
- full-alphabetic writing
Richard Gentry: Stage four
- Transitional
- solid spelling
- silent letters start to be acknowledged in words
Mary Clay
proposed child progresses through four stages of writing development:
- Recurring principle
- Directional principle
- Generating Principle
- Inventory principle
Mary Clay: Recurring Principle
- only knows limited number of letters
- uses them repeatedly to convey what they think is a message
Mary Clay: Directional Principle
begins to learn directionality and return sweep
Mary Clay: Generating Principle
beings to recognise that there are patterns that can be used from the letters of the alphabet to convey a message
Mary Clay: Inventory Principle
begins to package knowledge together into meaningful words/sentences
Yetta Goodman
- researched ‘emerging print awareness’
- categorised children’s writing into three principles:
1. The Functional Principle
2. The Linguistic Principle
3. The Relational Principle
Yetta Goodman: The Functional Principle
notion that writing can serve purpose
Yetta Goodman: The Linguistic Principle
notion that writing is a system that is organised with directionality e.g. understanding of punctuation
Yetta Goodman: The Relational Principle
understand the written alphabetic system carries meaning the same as spoken words do
Rothery
categories that appear in early writing:
- observation
- recount
- report
- narrative
James Briton
three types of writing
1. expressive writing
