Reading and writing Flashcards
Grapheme
The letter or blend of letters that represent a sound (e.g. s or ch)
Phoneme
The sound of a letter or blend of letters within a word.
Look and say approach
Encourages readers to identify familiar words as a whole in order to read them.
Phonic approach
encourages readers to break down words into individual graphemes and sound them out in order to then read the whole word accurately.
Chall (1983) reading stages
Pre-reading or pseudo reading-up to 6 Initial reading-6-7 Confirmation and fluency-7-8 Reading for learning-9-13 Multiple viewpoints-14-18 Construction and reconstruction-18+
Synthetic Phonics
teaches children the individual phonemes independently from reading. Once these are embedded they can then blend them together to pronounce a word.
oracy
an individual’s development of speaking and listening skills.
Literacy
an individual’s development of reading and writing skills.
Gross motor skills
the skills associated with larger movements, for example, walking and jumping.
Fine motor skills
the skills associated with more precise movement, for example with the fingers e.g. writing and sewing.
Directionality
the process of writing from left to right.
Kroll (1981)
Preparatory- up to the age of 6
Consolidation-age 7 and 8
Differentiation-age 9-10
Integration-mid teens
Rothery’s four categories
Observation/comment
recount
report
narrative
Britton’s Model
a useful way of considering how children develop their understanding of the functions of language.
Expressive
Poetic
Transactional
Phonetic spelling
Words that are spelt as they sound.
Undergeneralisation
standard rules for particular spelling patterns are not followed e.g. y to ies in plurals.
Overgeneralisation
regular spelling rules are applied even when it is not accurate to do so e.g. run, runned
Omission
letters are missed out of words (particularly where double consonants appear)
Insertion
the addition of extra letters that are not needed for the accurate spelling of a word.
Substitution
where the right letter is replaced with an alternative (often phonetically plausible) letter.
Transposition
where a pair of letters is switched around.
Accuracy
Some consider the conventions of writing to be salient and that spelling, punctuation and grammar rules will allow children to progress more rapidly.
Creativity
Some believe in the creative model (a child should be allowed to experiment with language without strict corrections and through trial and error.)
