Reading Flashcards
1
Q
Supporting Details
A
- provide evidence and backing for the main point
- to reinforce some larger point
- most commonly found in informative and persuasive texts
- some cases clearly indicated by terms like “for example” or “for instance”
- consider whether this backs up the authors main point
2
Q
Main Idea
A
- the most important point being made by the author
2. stated directly and often appears in a sentence at the very beginning or end of the text
3
Q
Topic
A
- Subject of a text
- what the text is all about
- usually expressed in a few words
- stated directly and often appears in a sentence at the very beginning or end of text
4
Q
Implications
A
- things that the author does not state directly, but the readers can assume based on what the author does say
5
Q
Inferences
A
- a piece of information that is implied but not written outright by the author
- avoid using information beyond the provided passage before making inferences
6
Q
Directly stated information
A
- always aim to draw conclusions from information stated within a passage
- read the entire passage before drawing conclusions
7
Q
Logical Conclusions
A
- Combine the information given to you by the text with what you already know
- approach the task by making brief notes
- must be supported directly by the text
8
Q
Summarize
A
- should accurately define the main idea of a passage
- does not need to explain the main idea in exhausted detail
- should continue by laying out the most important supporting details/ arguments from the passage
9
Q
Following directions
A
- scan the directions to determine whether special equipment or preparations are needed
- after briefly reading the directions, the reader should return to the first step
10
Q
Memo
A
- a common form of written communication
- a heading at the top indicating the author, date and recipient
- below in the body of the memo
- usually contain a plan of action, a request for information on a specific topic, or a response to such a request
- usually written in formal style
- can be organized with bullet points and numbers
11
Q
Posted annoucement
A
- need to contain all of the information the reader requires to act on the message
12
Q
Classified advertisement
A
- used to sell or buy goods, to attract business, etc.
- begins with a word or phrase indicated what is being sold or sought.
- listing will give a brief description of the product or service
- will conclude by listing a price, followed by contact information
13
Q
Legend or key of a map
A
- defines the symbols used on the map for various landmarks
- usually placed in a corner of the map
- may also show different dots and squares that are used to indicate towns of various sizes
- may contain information about the maps scale
14
Q
Events in a sequence
A
- text is indicated with the signal words like “first, then, next and last”
- ‘texts do not always proceed in an orderly sequence from first to last. sometimes they begin at the end and start over the beginning.
- make brief notes to clarify the correct order
15
Q
Fact
A
- can be subjected to analysis and can be either proven or disproved.
16
Q
Opinion
A
- the author’s personal thoughts or feelings which may not be alterable by research or evidence
- may be indicated by the words”believe, think or fee;”
17
Q
Bias
A
- Authors demonstrate this when they ignore reasonable counterarguments or distort opposing viewpoints
- is evident whenever the author is unfair or inaccurate in their presentation
18
Q
Stereotype
A
- is applied specifically to a group or place
2. is considered to be particularly abhorrent because the practice promotes negative generalizations about people
19
Q
Problem-solution text structure
A
- the problem is often explained before the solution is presented
- when the problem is known, the solution may be introduced briefly at the beginning
20
Q
Descriptive text
A
- focuses on a particular subject and attempts to depict the subject in a way that will be clear to readers
- contain many adjectives and adverbs
- will be informative and the passage may be persuasive and entertaining as well
21
Q
Comparsion
A
- author describing how two things are alike
- may have indicating terms such as “both, same, like, too, and as well”
a single sentence may compare and contrast
22
Q
Contrast
A
- authors describing how two things are different
- may have terms like “but, however, on the other hand, instead, and yet”
3, a single sentence may compare and contrast
23
Q
Cause
A
- is an act or event that makes something happen
2. may have terms such as “since, because, and due to”
24
Q
Effect
A
- is the thing that happens as a result of a cause
2. may have terms such as “consequently, therefore, this leads to”
25
Q
Narrative passage
A
- is a story that can be fiction or nonfiction
- the text must have a plot, characters
- often contains figurative language which is meant to stimulate the imagination of readers by making comparisons and observations
26
Q
Expository passage
A
- aims to inform and enlighten the readers
- is usually nonfiction and centers around simple and easily defined topic
- contains helpful organizing words, like “first,next, for example, and therefore”
27
Q
Technical passage
A
- written to describe a complex object or process
- common in medical or technological fields
- usually proceeds in a very logical order
- often has clear headings and subheadings
- these passages divide sections up with numbers or letters
28
Q
Persuasive passage
A
- is meant to change the mind of the readers and lead them in agreement with the author
- is most likely to appeal to the reader’s emotions and the make the claims based on opinion
- may not describe alternate positions, but when they do, they often display significant bias
29
Q
Word meaning from text
A
- how to identify the definition of a word from its context
- defining a word based on the words around it and the way it is used in a sentence
- words can be define by what they are not
30
Q
Figurative language
A
- language that goes beyond the literal meaning of a word or phrase
- descriptive language is one type of this language
- exaggeration is another type of this language
- similes and metaphors are ways of comparing things and are both types of this language
31
Q
Metaphor
A
- is a type of figurative language in which the writer equates one thing with a different thing
- the point is to encourage the reader to consider the item being described in a different way
- they are a way for the author to describe an item without being direct and obvious
32
Q
Simile
A
- is a type of figurative expression that is similar to a metaphor, yet the expression requires the use of the words “like or as”
- authors explicitly indicate that the description is not the same thing as the thing being described
33
Q
Personification
A
- is a type of figurative language that gives the description of a nonhuman thing as if it were human
2, general intent of this is to describe things a manner that will be comprehensible to readers
34
Q
Denotative meaning of words
A
- is the literal meaning of the word
2. nonfiction usually used this type of meaning of words
35
Q
Connotative meaning of words
A
- goes beyond the literal meaning to include the emotional reaction that a word may invoke
- fiction usually used this type of meaning of words
36
Q
Dictionary entries
A
- are in alphabetical order
- you can try to replace the dictionary’s definitions for the word in the passage, then choose the definition that seems to be best fit
37
Q
Purpose
A
- inform- if the author makes their main idea clear from the beginning then the likely purpose is to inform
- persuade- if the author begins by making a claim and provides various arguments to support that claim, then the purpose is the probably persuade
- entertain- if the author tells a story or seems to want the attention of the reader more than to push a particular point or deliver information then their are most likely to entertain
38
Q
Expression of feelings
A
- may use expressive or bold language
- sometimes authors will express feelings because they are describing a personal situation of great pain or happiness
- authors will attempt to persuade the reader and will use emotion to stir up the passions
- use words like “I felt and I sense”
39
Q
Identifying an author’s position
A
- when an author uses emotional language or clearly favors one side of an argument, their position is clear.
- the author’s position may be evident not only in what they write, but also in what they don’t write
40
Q
Headings
A
- larger than the subheadings
- not always complete sentences
- gives the topic that will be addressed in the paragraphs below
41
Q
Subheadings
A
- not always in complete sentences
2. give the topics of smaller sections
42
Q
Footnotes
A
- is text that is listed at the bottom of a page which lists where facts and figures within the document page were obtained
43
Q
Endnotes
A
- listed at the end of the paragraphs and chapters of a document
44
Q
Bold text
A
- often because the author wants to emphasize the point that is being made
- indicates importance
45
Q
Uderlining
A
- to suggest emphasis
2. often used on occasion beneath the titles of books, magazines and works or art
46
Q
Italics
A
- to emphasize important words, phrases and sentences in a text.
- used for titles or long or short works, like books
47
Q
Index
A
- normally a nonfiction book will have an index
- to information about specific topics
- lists the topics in alphabetical order
48
Q
Table of contents
A
- at the beginning of the works
2. lists the different subjects or chapter titles with a page number
49
Q
Primary sources
A
- is the documentary evidence closest to the subject being studied
- ex. photographs, videos, recordings
- should be credible
50
Q
Secondary sources
A
- would be a review of the primary source
51
Q
Predictions
A
- a guess about what will happen next
52
Q
Foreshadowing
A
- uses hints in a narrative to let the audience anticipate future events in the plot
- can be indicated by the number of literary devices and figures of speech, as well as through dialogue between characters
53
Q
Theme
A
- is an issue or an idea or a question raised by the text
2. they usually raise more questions than they answer
54
Q
Disparity
A
- known as the dialectical approach
2. the author does not need to express themes directly, they can be expressed through events and actions
55
Q
Text evidence
A
- refers to information that supports a main point or minor points an can help lead the reader to a conclusion
56
Q
Appeal to emotion
A
- attempt to persuade or distract the reader from the weakness of the argument
- the bandwagon approach in which they suggests that their opinion is correct because it is held by the majority
57
Q
Line graph
A
- typically used for measuring trends over time
2. is set along a vertical and horizontal axis
58
Q
Bar graph
A
- is one of the most common visual representations of information
- used to illustrate sets of numerical data
59
Q
Pie chart
A
- is useful depicting how a single unit or category is divided
- each wedge is proportional in size to a part of a whole
- is effective at showing a single entity is divided into parts
- not effective at demonstrating the relationships between two different wholes
60
Q
Spatial organization
A
this is useful as it lets the user see the information, to fix it in space. this has benefits for those individuals who are visually adept at processing informations
61
Q
Chronological organiziaton
A
this is the most common presentation of information. this method places information in the sequence in which it occurs
62
Q
Logical organization
A
this includes presenting material in a pattern that makes intuitive sense.
their are six major types: illustration, definition, classifying, comparing and contrasting, cause and effect, problem and solution
63
Q
Synthesis of research
A
- learn to ask yourself questions which require you to do this thing from the content from different portions of the data, such as asking questions about the data’s important information
