Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CAIA L2 > Reading 1.8 > Flashcards

Reading 1.8 Flashcards

1
Q

Rebalancing portfolio

A

Buying & selling its assets to maintain its original asset allocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Formula for The Time-t value, Vt, of a two asset portfolio

A

Vt = Ns * St + Mt * Bt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Formula for The Portfolio weights of equity and treasuries (2 assets)

A

Wt = (Nt * St) / Vt - first asset

1-Wt = (Mt * Bt) / Vt - second asset’s weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Time t value before rebalancing

A

Vt-1 = Nt-1 * St + Mt-1 * Bt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Self Financing rebalancing Strategy definition and formula

A

1) Increased investment into one asset class is achieved by reducing investment into another asset class

2) (Nt -Nt-1) * St + (Mt - Mt-1) * Bt = 0.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why are portfolios rebalanced?

A

Portfolio managers are driven to rebalance their portfolios based on their investment returns and their mandates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Buy and hold strategy rebalancing strategy

A

Portfolio manager does nothing, just establishes the initial asset allocation and hold it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Initial value of portfolio formula and future T value of portfolio formula

A

1) Vo = N0 * So + Mo * Bo

2) Vt = No * St + Mo * Bt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Constant mix strategy definition and what type of strategy is it and why?

A

The weight of each asset should stay the same

Contrarian because you sell the ones that have grown the most and buy those who grew the least

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Constant mix strategy has a _____ payoff curve, why?

A

1) concave

2) Because of constant selling and buying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which strategy, BH or CM outperforms in a volatile and non trending market?

A

CM - constant mix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

For whom is the CM strategy best?

A

For constant risk averse investors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CPPI definition and type of strategy

A

1) Constant proportion portfolio insurance strategy is a rebalancing strategy that takes more risk (at least initially) than the BH strategy (and thus generates a reasonable long-term return) and ensures that the portfolio value generally does not fall below a pre-set floor.

2) it is a momentum strategy (opposite of contrarian): it increases the equity position after an increase in equity value, and reduces the position after a decline in equity value.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CPPI formula

A

St = mCt =m (Vt - Ft) and
Bt = Vt -St

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do the m and Ct stand for in the CPPI formula

A

1) m = multiplier

2) Cushion - different between floor Ft and portfolio value Vt at time t.

Ct = Vt - Ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CPPI underperforms which rebalancing strategy in volatile and non trending market?

A

BH - buy and hold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CPPI outperforms which strategies in what markets?

A

Trending markets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CPPI is an optimal strategy for which type of investor?

A

Who’s risk tolerance increases as value of portfolio grows and decreases as portfolio shrinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which type is more classical CPPI, behaves like BH, behaves like CM

1) m>1 and F>0
2) m=1 and F>0
3) m<1 and F=0

A

1) classical CPPI
2) BH
3) CM

20
Q

2 unique risks of CPPI compared to BH and CM

A

1) GAP RISK
• This is the risk that the CPPI’s floor is violated when equity value declines by more than 1/m. Gap risk is higher when markets are volatile and when the multiplier is large.

• For instance, a CPPI portfolio with a multiplier of 20 will violate its floor if its risky asset declines by more than 5% (= 1/20) between rebalancing periods.

2) Absorption risk

This risk occurs when the CPPI portfolio value reaches its floor and the portfolio liquidates its equity position. Since the portfolio does not participate in any subsequent recovery in equity values, it does not benefit when equity markets rebound.

21
Q

3 Variations of the classical CPPI

A

1) Change the multiplier

2) Reset the floor

3) Stop Loss strategy

22
Q

How does Change the multiplier variation of the CPPI strategy work? What is the result?

A

1) M may be expressed as a decreasing function (i.e. when volatility increases you decrease m) of the realized volatility using:
- the past n trading days
- value at risk
- expected shortfall

2) This reduces gap and absorption risk

23
Q

How does the 2 Reset the Floor variation of the CPPI strategy work? Whats the second one called? Optimal equity position Formula?

A

1) Set the floor equal to X of the current portfolio value.

FORMULA: St = m* Vt * (1-x)

2) Set the floor equal to X of portfolio’s previous high water mark. TIPP - time invariant portfolio protection

FORMULA: St = m (Vt - xHt)

24
Q

How does Stop-Loss variation of the CPPI strategy work? Advantage? Other variations?

Formula for equity position?

A

extreme case of CPPI: the portfolio invests entirely in the risky asset and, if the portfolio value hits the floor, the entire portfolio invests in the riskless asset.

Requires no rebalancing, suitable for when the cost of transactions are high or risky asset is not liquid

Some versions of stop loss allocate again to the risky asset if equity value exceeds Ft by a pre set amount

St =m * Vt { m=1 if Vt > Ft
m=0 if Vt <= Ft

25
Q

High water mark

A

A NAV above which the HF manager is compensated.

Every time the NAV expands, the new NAV is set as the benchmark

26
Q

Floor definition

A

Minimum value of the portfolio that the investor is ready to accept

OR

Minimum portfolio value wanted at a future date.

27
Q

OBPI, how does it work? When does it underperform?

A

Option Based Portfolio Insurance Strategy

Uses combinations of risky assets, treasuries, and options (traded or synthetic), where options are used to limit the portfolio’s downside risk. As with CPPI, the investor selects the value of the floor

OBPI portfolio has a convex payoff profile and underperforms BH in volatile, non-trending markets.

28
Q

2 classic forms of OBPI

A

1) Protective Put = Long put option and risky asset

2) Long call option and risk-less asset

29
Q

historically implied volatilities have ____ realized volatilities

A

exceeded

30
Q

Protective put strategy how does it work? What to consider?

A
  • Investment in a risky asset and a long position in a put option on the asset.
  • The put’s strike is the floor, and the strategy works if liquid options on the risky asset exist.
  • The portfolio manager needs to consider the put’s up-front cost in the put’s position size and the protection strategy’s design.
31
Q

Put call parity formula

A

c + Ke ^ -rT = p + s

c = european call option price
p = european put option price
K = option strike price
r = riskless rate

32
Q

Using calls and riskless asset portfolio’s initial value is expressed

A

Vo = Nc + Bo
= Nc + NKe ^ -rT + D

N = Number of call options purchased
Bo = amount invested into the risky asset (amount left after purchasing the calls)
K = minimum portfolio value at maturity to be protected
D = cash left

33
Q

What does put call parity show?

A

The value of a put-protected portfolio (on the right side of the equation) is the same as the value of a portfolio of call options and a riskless asset (on the left side of the equation).

Therefore, in addition to using puts and a risky asset, the floor of a portfolio at maturity may be protected using call options and a riskless asset.

34
Q

Portfolio value at maturity using the long call option and riskless asset

A

See photo

35
Q

When is the Put Option replication strategy used?

To which strategy is it similar? How is it different?

When is it preferred to CPPI?

When is it easy to implement?

How is option’s payoff replicated?

A

1) when trading options is not available

2) similar to CPPI, the multiplier changes in response to time decay and changes in the risky asset’s price and volatility

3) when assets are traded in liquid markets and OPTIONS implied volatilities have a LARGE volatility PREMIUM

4) when long position is held in the asset

5) using option pricing model

36
Q

The Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model shows that a European put on a non-dividend-paying stock may be replicated using _______. Thus, the price of the put p may be expressed as:

A

1) a long riskless asset position and a short stock position

2) p = Mt - Delta t * St

Mt = amount invested in a safe asset
Delta t = number of shares of the shorted stock

37
Q

Dynamic trading has a number of advantages and disadvantages compared to buying call or put options.

A

Advantages
1. Can be implemented when marketable options are not available.
2. Avoids counterparty risk if the investor needs to use over-the-counter options.
3. Avoids paying the risk premium embedded in implied volatilities.

Disadvantages
1. May be costly, since frequent rebalancing increases transaction costs.
2. Exposed to gap risk, which is avoided when options are used.
3. Exposed to estimation risk, since the underlying asset’s volatility needs to be estimated.

38
Q

There are two advantages of OBPI relative to CPPI

A
  1. No absorption risk
    • OBPI is not exposed to absorption risk because, in contrast to CPPI, the multiplier in the OBPI strategy is not constant.
  2. Outperforms in volatile, non-trending market
    • Since OBPI is not a momentum strategy, it outperforms the CPPI portfolio in a volatile, non-trending market.
    • However, CPPI outperforms in a rapidly rising equity market, but has higher volatility.

Both CPPI and OBPI underperform BH in a volatile, non-trending market.

39
Q

OBPI - who is it perfect for?

A

for investors with growing but no unbounded risk tolerance as equity grows and low risk tolerance as equity value approaches the floor

40
Q

Differences and similarities between BH, CPPI and OBPI

A

• Similar to BH, it has the same upper bound (20%) and lower bound (0%) for volatility.

However, OBPI’s volatility approaches 0% faster when equity value declines.

• Similar to CPPI, it has increasing return volatility. In contrast to CPPI (especially when traded options are used to buy protection), its return volatility has an upper limit (20%).

41
Q

Payoff curve for BH, CM, CPPI and OBPI

(photo - so draw or write)

A

See photo

42
Q

Portfolio’s uncertain rate of return is expressed as (for illiquid assets)

(photo - so draw or write)

A

See photo

43
Q

Illiquid assets rate of return?

(photo - so draw or write)

A

See photo

44
Q

Portfolio’s target rate of return (illiquid asset)

(photo - so draw or write)

A

See photo

45
Q

Rate of return of portfolio that includes futures contract (for illiquid assets)

(photo - so draw or write)

A

See photo

46
Q

Optimal futures contract position is determined by …

(photo - so draw or write)

A

See photo

CAIA L2 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions