reactivity 3.1 Flashcards
equation for calculating pH
– log₁₀[H⁺]
equation for calculating [H⁺]
10⁻ᴾᴴ
what defines an arrhenius acid?
a substance that disassociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+) and anions
what defines an arrhenius base?
a substance that disassociates in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-) and cations
what does the bronsted-lowry theory focus on?
the transfer of H+ ions during an acid-base reaction (acids donate H+ while bases accept H+)
what is a bronsted-lowry acid?
a proton donor
what is a bronsted-lowry base?
a proton acceptor
define alkali
soluble bases which dissolve in water to release OH-
define amphiprotic
substances that can act as both bronsted-lowry acids and bases
requirement for a substance to be amphiprotic
must posses both a lone pair of electrons and hydrogen that can be released as H+
moving left to right across a period, oxides transition from ______ ______ oxides through ______ oxides then to ______ oxides
basic metal
amphiprotic
acidic
basic metal oxides react with an acid to form what?
a salt and water
non-metal oxides form ______ ______ in a solution
weak acids
amphiprotic oxides react with either an acid or a base to form what?
a salt and water
the burning of fossil fuels releases what 3 substances
GHG, nitrous oxides ans sulfuric oxides
what causes acid rain
increased emissions of nitrous oxides ans sulfuric oxides in the atmosphere, which turn rain water from its slightly acidic state (pH = 6) to become a stronger acid
where is acid rain’s negative effects seen? x3
structural materials, lakes/rivers & plant life/forests
what pH is acid rain?
pH = <5.6
what is the [H+] range (in numerical values) for the 0-14 pH scale?
1.0mol dm^-3 →10^-14 mol dm^-3
increasing pH by 1 = _______ [H+] by __ times
decrease, 10x
decreasing pH by 1 = _______ [H+] by __ times
increase, 10x
if the pH of a solution is changed from 3 to 5, how does the [H+] change?
pH = 3 => 10^-pH = 1 x 10^-3 mol dm^-3
pH = 5 => 10^-pH = 1 x 10^-5 mol dm^-3
[H+ ions] decreases by (1 x 10^-3 mol dm^-3)/(1 x 10^-5 mol dm^-3) = 100x times
what is the relationship between [H+] and [OH-]?
higher [H+] = lower [OH-]
lower [H+] = higher [OH-]
in terms of pH, what does a surplus of [H+] signify? what does a surplus of [OH-] signify?
surplus of [H+] = low pH = acidic
surplus of [OH-] = high pH = basic
pH’s neutral value = 7 at what temperature?
298K