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Chemistry > Reactions (Organic) > Flashcards

Reactions (Organic) Flashcards

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1
Q

Combustion of Alkanes (Complete)

A

Conditions: Heat
Reagent: Oxygen in excess
Products: Water and Carbon Dioxide

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2
Q

Cracking

A

Long Chain Alkane —> Alkene + Alkane

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3
Q

Reforming

A

Straight Chain ——> Cyclic Alkane + H2

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4
Q

Oxides of Sulfur

A

S + O2 —-> SO2
2SO2 + O2 ——> 2SO3

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5
Q

Oxides of Nitrogen

A

N2 + O2 —-> 2NO
2NO + O2 —-> 2NO2

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6
Q

Catalytic Converters Reactions

A

2CO + O2 —-> 2CO2
2NO + 2CO ——> N2 + 2CO2
Alkane + O2 —> CO2 + H2O

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7
Q

Free Radical Substitution Initiation

A

Homolytic Fission Cl2 ——> 2CL*
Conditions: UV light

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8
Q

Free Radical Substitution Propogation

A

Radical + Non Radical —-> Radical + Non Radical

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9
Q

Free Radical Substitution Termination

A

Radical + Radical —-> Non Radical

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10
Q

Alkene –> Alkane

A

H2 Gas, Nickel Catalyst and heat

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11
Q

Alkene –> Diol

A

Conditions: Acidic
Reagent: KMnO4 and Water

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12
Q

Observations of Alkenes + Bromine Water

A

Yellow to Colourless

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13
Q

Alkene —> Alcohol

A

Conditions: 450*c, 70ATM, conc H3PO4 Catalyst.
Reagent: Steam

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14
Q

Alkene —> DiHalogenoalkane

A

Addition of Halide
(Electrophilic addition)

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15
Q

Alkene —> Halogenoalkane

A

Addition of Hydrogen Halide
(electrophilic addition)

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16
Q

Halogenoalkane —> Alcohol

A

reagent: KOH (aq)
conditions: heat under reflux
products: Potassium halide and alcohol

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17
Q

Halogenoalkane —> Amine

A

Reagent: NH3 dissolved in ethanol
conditions: heating under pressure
Products: amine + Ammonium-halide

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18
Q

Halogenoalkane —-> Alkene

A

Reagent: Ethanolic Sodium Hydroxide
Conditions: Heat
Products: Alkene + water + Sodium-Halide

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19
Q

Combustion of Alcohols

A

alcohol + O2 —> CO2 + 3H20

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20
Q

Alcohol —> Chloroalkane

A

Reagent: PCl5
products: POCl3 + HCl + Chloroalkane

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21
Q

Alcohol —> Bromoalkane

A

Reagent: Acidified potassium bromide
Conditions: Warming
Products: Bromoalkane and water

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22
Q

Alcohol —-> Iodoalkane

A

Reagent: PI3 (formed from red phosphorus and iodine in situ)
Products: Iodoalkane + H3PO3

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23
Q

alcohol –> alkene

A

Conditions: Heating in the presence of conc phosphoric acid
Products: Alkene and water
(elimination reaction)

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24
Q

1* alcohol —> aldehyde

A

(partial oxidation)
Oxidating agent: K2Cr2O7 in dilute sulfuric acid
Observation: Organge dichromate ion reduces to green Cr3+ ion
Products: Aldehyde and water
(Distil out product as it forms)

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25
Q

1* alcohol —> carboxylic acid

A

(full oxidation)
Oxidating Agent:
excess K2Cr2O7 in dilute sulfuric acid
conditions: heat under reflux
products: Carboxylic acid and hydrogen.

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26
Q

2* alcohol —> ketone

A

Oxidising agent: excess K2Cr2O7 in dilute sulfuric acid
Conditions: heat under reflux
products: ketone and water

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27
Q

Describe SN1 Mechanisms

A

SN1 reactions proceed via a planar carbocation intermediate, meaning the incoming nucleophile can attack via either face of the compound. The product is a racemic mixture.

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28
Q

Describe SN2 Mechanisms

A

SN2 reaction mechanisms occur in a single step, since the nucleophile attacks while simultaneously the leaving group is removed. This means that there is only one possible direction of attack from the nucleophile. Therefore, SN2 reactions produce a single enantiomer.

29
Q

aldehyde –> carboxylic acid

A

reagent: K2Cr2O7
conditions: heat under reflux
products: carboxylic acid

30
Q

Name the 4 Oxidating Agents used to oxidise aldehydes and their observations

A

Acidified Potassium Dichromate - Orange –> Green
Fehling’s Solution - Deep blue solution –> Red precipitate
Benedict’s solution - Deep blue solution –> red precipitate
Tollen’s Reagent - Colourless solution –> silver mirror

31
Q

aldehyde –> 1* alcohol

A

Reducing agent: LiAlH4 (dissolved in dry ether)
Products: 1* alcohol

32
Q

ketone –> 2* alcohol

A

Reducing: LiAlH4 ( in dry ether)
products: 2* alcohol

33
Q

aldehyde —> hydroxynitrile

A

reagent: HCN
conditions: (aq) alkaline solution of KCN
products: hydroxynitrile

34
Q

ketone —> hydroxynitrile

A

reagent: HCN
conditions: (aq) alkaline solution of KCN
products: hydroxynitrile

35
Q

Observation of carbonyl + 2,4-DNPH

A

bright orange precipitate

36
Q

Describe the Iodoform test

A

Iodine solution added to unknown sample with enough NAOH to remove colour in solution.
Positive result indicated by pale yellow precipitate.
aldehydes and ketones both give a positive result.

37
Q

Carboxylic Acid —> 1* Alcohol

A

Reducing agent: LiAlH4 in dry ether
Forms 1* alcohol only (aldehydes cannot be isolated as they are more reactive than carboxylic acids)

38
Q

Carboxylic acid —> Carboxylate salt

A

Reagent: Aqueous alkali
Products: Carboxylate salt and water
(neutralisation)

39
Q

Carboxylic Acid –> Acyl Chloride

A

Reagent: PCl5
Products: Acyl Chloride, POCl3 and HCl

40
Q

Carboxylic Acid –> Ester

A

Reagent: Alcohol
Conditions: small amount of concentrated Sulfuric Acid
Products: Ester and Water

41
Q

Acyl Chloride —-> Carboxylic Acid

A

+Water

42
Q

Acyl Chloride —> Ester

A

+Alcohol

43
Q

Acyl Chloride –> Amide

A

+Ammonia

44
Q

Acyl chloride —> N-Substituted Amide

A

+Amine

45
Q

Ester –> Carboxylic Acid

A

Reagent: Water
Conditions: Acidic Conditions
Products: Carboxylic Acid and alcohol
(hydrolysis)
(equilibrium reaction.. disadvantage)

46
Q

Ester —> Carboxylate Salt

A

Reagent: Aqueous Base
Conditions: Alkaline Conditions
Products: Carboxylate salt and alcohol
(goes to completion.. advantage)

47
Q

Why Does Benzene not undergo electrophilic addition

A

Benzene is resistant to electrophilic addition as this would disrupt the stable delocalised ring of electrons. Hence it undergoes electrophilic substitution.

48
Q

Benzene –> Halobenzene

A

Reagent: Halogen
Catalyst: Iron(iii)Halide
Products: Halobenzene and Hydrogen halide

49
Q

Formation of the electrophile (NO2+) for benzene nitration

A

HNO3 + 2H2SO4 —> NO2+ + H3O+ + 2HSO4-

50
Q

Benzene —> Nitrobenzene

A

Reagent: HNO3
Conditions: 50*c, Sulfuric acid catalyst
products: Nitrobenzene and water

51
Q

Describe Friedel-Craft Acylation

A

The delocalised electron ring in benzene can also act as a nucleophile, leading to their nucleophilic attack on acyl chlorides. This is friedel-craft acylation

52
Q

Formation of the friedel craft intermediate

A

R-COCl + AlCl3 —-> R-CO+ + AlCl4-

53
Q

Nitrile –> 1* Amine

A

Reducing agent: LiAlH4
conditions: acidic condtitions or nickel catalyst with H2

54
Q

How do amines act as bases

A

Amines react with water to form an alkaline solution. The lone pair of electrons on the amine nitrogen atom can accept a hydrogen from a water molecule, therefore acting as a base. This releases OH- ions into the solution.

55
Q

Amine —> Quaternary Ammonium Salt

A

Amine + Acid —> Quaternary Ammonium salt

56
Q

Nitrobenzene —> Aromatic Amine

A

Reagent: Conc HCL
Conditions: Tin catalyst

57
Q

General equation for formation of Grignard reagent

A

R-Br + Mg —> R-Mg-Br
made in solvent of dry ether

58
Q

Carboxylate salt —> Carboxylic acid

A

add dilute acid

59
Q

Describe the kekule structure of benzene

A

hexagonal carbon ring with alternating c=c double bonds

60
Q

List the 4 problems with the kekule structure

A

-Benzene didnt decolourise bromine water
-kekule structure implies 4 isomers of dibromobenzene however only 3 were found
-data suggests all c-c bonds in benzene are identical
-theoretical hydration enthalpy of benzene is much lower than the theoretical value

61
Q

describe the modern structure of benzene

A

hexagonal carbon ring, p - orbitals of adjacent carbons overlap sideways to form a delocalised electron cloud above and below the plane of the carbon

62
Q

list the 4 problems solved with the modern structure of benzene

A
  • no individual c=c bonds
    -only three possible isomers of dibromobenzene
    -bond lengths are identical
    -charge is evenly distributed about the species explaining the increased stability
63
Q

explain the increased reactivity of phenol relative to benzene

A

lone pair on the hydroxyl group delocalises into the electron cloud…increased electron density… more susceptible to attack from electrophiles.

64
Q

What factors affect Kc

A

Only temperature because Kc is constant at a given temperature hence other factors have no effect on it.

65
Q

describe condensation polymerisation

A

-each time two monomers join a small molecule forms
-two different monomers join to form the polymer

66
Q

recrystallisation technique

A

-add impure solid to conical flask
-add chosen solvent and warm
-repeat (adding solvent and warming) until solid dissolves
-allow liquid to cool in an ice bath
-filter using buchner funnel
-oven dry

67
Q

What is the RDS

A

Slowest step in the mechanism for a reaction

68
Q

What is the equation liking the rate constant and temperature

A

K = Ae^(-Ea/RT)

Chemistry (5 decks)

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