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Chemistry 2 > Reactions In Water > Flashcards

Reactions In Water Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of bases? (8)

A
  • Tastes bitter
  • Turns litmus paper blue
  • Feels slippery
  • Reacts with acids to produce salt and water
  • Generally ionic substances
  • Usually insoluble in water
  • Can be corrosive
  • Are electrolytes
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2
Q

What are the properties of acids? (5)

A
  • Usually taste sour
  • Corrosive
  • Molecular in structure and dissolve in water to produce and electrolyte
  • Turn litmus paper red
  • React with bases to produce salt and water
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3
Q

Name 4 acids, their formula and a use.

A
  1. Nitric: HNO3- fertilisers
  2. Hydrochloric acid: HCl- clean bricks
  3. Sulfuric acid: H2SO4- detergents
  4. Sodium hydroxide: NaOH- manufacture of soap
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4
Q
  1. What are the products of an acid + metal (not ag, cu or hg)?
A

Salt and hydrogen gas

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5
Q
  1. What are the products of an acid + metal carbonate? (3)
A

Salt + carbon dioxide + water

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6
Q
  1. What are the products of an acid + metal hydrogen carbonate? (3)
A

Salt + carbon dioxide + water

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7
Q
  1. What are the products of an acid + metal sulfite? (3)
A

Salt + Sulfur dioxide + water

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8
Q
  1. What are the products of an acid + metal sulfide? (2)
A

Salt + hydrogen sulfide gas

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9
Q
  1. What are the products of an acid + metal oxide? (2)
A

Salt + water

- neutralisation

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10
Q
  1. What are the products of an acid + metal hydroxide (base)?
A

Neutralisation

Salt + water

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11
Q

What does the Brønsted- Lowry theory state about acids and bases?

A
  • an acid is a substance that donate a proton (h+ ion) to another substance
  • a base is a substance that accepts a proton (h+ ion) from another substance
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12
Q

What is a conjugate pair?

A

A conjure acid- base pair is are 2 species that differ by one proton.
Eg. HNO3 –> NO3 are a conjugate pair
- the base is the one that accepts the proton
- the acid is the one the donates the proton

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13
Q

What is Arrhenius’s theory?

A
  • acids produce H3O+ in water

- bases produce OH- in water

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14
Q

What is ionisation?

A

A reaction in which a substance reacts with water to produce ions.
These substance can be acids but not bases.

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15
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

A reaction in which one substance reacts with water to form OH- or H3O+.
Hydrolysis can also be called ionisation.

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16
Q

What is dissociation?

A

When a substance dissolves into its individual constituents. They do not ionise because they do not react with water to produce ions.
These substance can be bases but not acids.

17
Q

What is a neutralisation reaction?

A

Neutralisation is the process of an acid reacting with a base. The acid and base properties can be cancelled out if the exact amounts of both are used. A neutralisation reaction produces a salt and water as its products.

18
Q

What is a polyprotic acid? What are the different types? (3)

A

When an acid can donate more than one proton per molecule of acid.
Monoprotic- donates one proton
Diprotic- donates two protons
Triporotic- donates three protons
These reactions must be written as different stages depending on how many protons it can donates.

19
Q

What is a amphiprotic substance?

A

A substance that can act as an acid or bases according to their chemical environment. They can donate/ accept protons.
Eg water

20
Q

Why can Water self ionise?

A

Water can self ionise because it can act as an acid or a base and can therefore react with itself.
Water is neutral at 10^-7 concentration of its ions (25 degrees).
The concentration of H3O+ and OH- will always equal 14 when added together.

21
Q

How are the strengths of acids and bases measured?

A

Base: how readily it accepts protons eg O2
Acid: how readily it donates protons and completely ionises in water eg HCl
Acids and bases can be strong or weak

22
Q

What is the difference between the concentration and strength of an acid or base?

A

The strength is determined by its ability to donate/ accept a proton whereas concentration refers to the amount of acid or base in a given amount of solution. Either dilute or concentrated.

23
Q

What is the PH scale?

A

A logarithmic scale that indicates the acidity of a solution by determining the concentration of hydromium ions.

  • 7 is neutral
  • less then 7 is an acid
  • more then 7 is a base
24
Q

What is the formula for determining the PH?

A
  • log10 [H3O+]
25
Q

How to calculate the ph when dilution is in effect?

A

Use the equation C1xV1 = C2xV2

Fill in the blanks and solve to find the unknown. Then add in to log on calc.

26
Q

How to find the ph of a base?

A

Follow the steps for finding the concentration of [H3O+] using log on calc.
Then subtract that ph from 14.

27
Q

How is a hydronium ion produced?

A

When an acid donates its proton in water a hydronium ion is produced as a proton, H+, cannot exist by itself as it is attracted to the negative end of the polar water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O+.

28
Q

Explain why a neutral solution has a ph of 7?

A

At 25 °C, [H3O+] × [OH–] = 10^–14. In a neutral solution, [H3O+] must equal [OH–] which has a concentration of 10^–7 M.

29
Q

What is a characteristic of an acid base reaction?

A

A transfer of a proton H+

30
Q

What determines if a hydrogen bonded to another atom is a proton?

A

If the hydrogen atom is bonded to a very electronegative atom. This means that hydrogens atoms electrons will be closer to the other atom and hydrogen will virtually just be a proton, allowing it to be lost easily..

31
Q

Why are polyprotic acids not a strong?

A

After its first ionisation, the acid will be left with a negative charge. A negative charge will attract protons, making it harder for it to act as an acid.

32
Q

What is the acidity constant?

A

It gives a measure for the strength of an acid. The higher the constant the higher the strength of the acid.

Chemistry 2 (8 decks)

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