Reactions in Aqueous Solution Round 1 Flashcards
What is a precipitate?
A solid produced by a reaction between two solutions.
Define acid.
A substance that produces hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution.
What is a base?
A substance that either contains the oxide (O²⁻) or hydroxide ion (OH⁻) or produces the hydroxide ion in aqueous solution.
What does the pH scale measure?
The acidity or alkalinity of a solution, based on the concentration of hydrogen ions.
Describe a precipitation reaction.
A reaction in which a precipitate is produced.
What is solubility?
The degree to which a substance dissolves in a solvent.
What is a volumetric flask used for?
Preparing solutions of precise concentrations in the lab.
What is an indicator?
A substance that changes color in solution depending on whether the solution is acidic or basic.
What is a complete ionic equation?
An equation that shows all ions present in solution.
Define molarity.
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
What is a spectator ion?
An ion that is present in the same form on each side of a chemical equation and does not participate in the reaction.
What does neutralization involve?
A reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water.
Define amphoteric.
A substance that can act as either an acid or a base depending on other reactants.
What is dilution?
The process of adding water to a solution to reduce its concentration.
Define alkali.
A soluble base.
What is hydronium ion?
(H₃O⁺)
The ion produced when a hydrogen ion (H⁺) attaches to a water molecule.
What is the purpose of a universal indicator?
To display a range of colors when added to solutions of different pH levels.
What is the relationship between hydrogen ion and hydronium ion concentrations?
Hydronium ions are formed when hydrogen ions attach to water molecules in aqueous solutions.
What does neutral mean in terms of pH?
Neither acidic nor basic, with a pH of 7.
What is a strong acid?
An acid that completely dissociates into ions in water, releasing a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺).
Define weak acid.
An acid that only partially dissociates in solution, releasing fewer hydrogen ions compared to a strong acid.
What is a conjugate base?
The species formed when an acid loses a hydrogen ion (H⁺).
Define conjugate acid.
The species formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion (H⁺).
What is dissociation in chemistry?
The process by which an ionic compound separates into its individual ions in solution.
What is titration?
A technique used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
Define end point in titration.
The point at which the indicator changes color, signaling that the reaction is complete.
What is a standard solution?
A solution of known concentration used in titrations.
What does pKa represent?
The logarithmic measure of the strength of an acid, specifically the pH at which an acid is half dissociated.
What is pOH?
The measure of hydroxide ion (OH⁻) concentration, with lower pOH indicating a more basic solution.
Define acid dissociation constant (Ka).
A value that expresses the strength of an acid in solution, representing the ratio of dissociated ions to undissociated acid.
What is a salt in chemistry?
An ionic compound formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
Define saturation in terms of solubility.
A solution is saturated when it contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature.
What is a supersaturated solution?
A solution that contains more dissolved solute than it would under normal circumstances, often achieved by heating and then slowly cooling.
What is avogadro’s number?
6.022×10(23), the number of atoms, ions, or molecules in one mole of a substance.
Define molar mass.
The mass of one mole of a substance, measured in grams per mole (g/mol).
What is stoichiometry?
The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on the balanced chemical equation.
Explain limiting reactant.
The reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, limiting the amount of products formed.
Define excess reactant.
The reactant that remains after the limiting reactant is used up in a chemical reaction.
Amphoteric
A substance that can act as either an acid or a base depending on other reactants.
Aqueous Solution
Solutions in which water is the solvent.
Solvent
A substance, usually liquid, in which other materials dissolve to form a solution.
Concentration
The amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent.
Neutralization
A reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water.
Neutral
Neither acidic nor basic, pH of 7.
Molarity
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Dilution
The process of adding water to a solution to reduce its concentration.
Hydronium Ion (H₃O⁺)
Net Ionic Equations
Equations that only include the ions that take part in the chemical reaction; spectator ions are excluded.
Indicator
A substance that changes color in solution depending on whether the solution is acidic or basic.
Hydronium
The ion produced when a hydrogen ion (H⁺) attaches to a water molecule.
