Reactions And Reagents Flashcards by Becca Phillips

Q

Nitration of benzene

A

HNO_3 + H_2SO_4

Above 50C

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Q

Halogenation of benzene

A

Halogen carrier eg

FeCl_3 AlBr_3 FeBr_3

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Q

Alkylation of benzene

A

AlCl_3 (adds an alkyl group to the ring)

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Q

Acylation of benzene

A

Acyl chloride + AlCl_3

=aromatic ketone

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Q

Phenol + NaOH

A

Phenoxide salt + water

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Q

Bromination of phenol

A

Decolourise bromine water
No catalyst
Room temp

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Q

Nitration of phenol

A

2 and 4 sub products
Dilute HNO_3
Room temp

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Q

Reducing an aldehyde and ketone

A

NaBH_4/H_2O

=alcohols

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Q

Adding across carbonyl double bond

A

+HCN

H_2SO_4/NaCN
=hydroxynitrile

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Q

Carboxylic acid + metal

A

Carboxylate salt + H_2 gas

Redox

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Q

Carboxylic acid + metal oxide

A

Salt + water

Neutralisation

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Q

Carboxylic acid + carbonate

A

CO_2 + salt + water

Neutralisation

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Q

Acid anhydride

A

2 carboxylic acids added = removal of water

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Q

Ester via acid hydrolysis

A

Reflux with dilute aqueous acid

(Broken down by water)
Reversible

Produces
Carboxylic acid + alcohol

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Q

Ester via alkaline hydrolysis

A

Reflux with dilute OH- ions

Irreversible

Products
Carboxylate ion + alcohol

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Q

Acyl chloride + alcohol

A

Ester

Q

Acyl chloride + phenol

A

Ester

Q

Acyl chloride + water

A

Carboxylic acid + steamy HCl fumes

Q

Acyl chloride + ammonia/ amine

A

Amide

Nucleophilic add

Q

Acid anhydride reactions

A

Similar to acyl chlorides but less reactive = used in labs

Q

Amine + acid

A

Salt

Q

Formation of primary amines

A

1- form salt
2- amine formation

Solvent = ethanol (prevents formation of alcohols)

Excess ammonia = prevent further sub to secondary or tertiary amines

Q

Prep aromatic amines

A

Reflux with Tin catalyst and conc HCl= salt

2- excess NaOH= aromatic amine

Q

Amine + acid

A

Salts NH_3+

Q

Amino acids + aqueous alkali

A

COOH reacts = salt + water

Q

Esterification of amino acids

A

Add alcohol and conc H_2SO_4

= Ester + water

Q

Hydrolysis polyesters

A

Base (NaOH/Water) = salt + alcohol

Acid (H+/water) = carboxylic acid + alcohol

Q

Hydrolysing polyamides

A

Base (NaOH/water) = salt + amine

Acid (H+/water) = carboxylic acid + NH_3+

Q

Reduction of nitriles

A

H_2 + nickel catalyst

=amine

Q

Hydrolysis of nitriles

A

Water + HCl + heat

=carboxylic acid

Q

Allene-alcohol

A

H_3PO_4/H_2O

Hydration

Q

Primary alcohol-Alkene

A

H_2SO_4

Q

Haloalkane-alcohol

A

NaOH(aq)

Q

Haloalkane-nitrile

A

NaCN

Q

Purification of organic liquids

A

separating funnel
acid impurities removed by NaCO_3(aq)
drying agent anhydrous CaCl_2
solid salt filtered
redistilled