Reactions

Question 1

alkene to dihaloalkane

mechanism and reactants

Answer 1

electrophilic addition

halogen

Question 2

alkene to haloalkane

mechanism and reactants

Answer 2

electrophilic addition

halogen halide

Question 3

alkene to alkane

mechanism, reactants and conditions

Answer 3

electrophilic addition
hydrogen
Nickel catalyst, 150 C , 5 atm
OR Platinum catalyst, room temp and pressure

Question 4

alkene to alcohol

mechanism, reactants and conditions

Answer 4

electrophilic addition
water
c. Sulfuric acid and then dilute with water
OR steam, phosphoric acid catalyst on solid silica, high temp and pressure

Question 5

haloalkane to alcohol

mechanism, reactants and conditions

Answer 5

nucleophilic substitution
ethanolic NaOH OR water
reflux

Question 6

haloalkane to amine

mechanism, reactants and conditions

Answer 6

nucleophilic substitution
ammonia
heat

Question 7

alcohol to haloalkane

mechanism and reactants

Answer 7

nucleophilic substitution

hydrogen halide, strong acid

Question 8

alkane to haloalkane

mechanism, reactants and conditions

Answer 8

radical substitution
halogen
UV light

Question 9

alcohol to ester

reactants, conditions

Answer 9

esterification

carboxylic acid
c.HCl / c.sulfuric acid
reflux

OR acid anhydride
warmed

OR acyl chloride

Question 10

carboxylic acid to ester

reactants, conditions

Answer 10

esterification
alcohol
c.HCl / c.sulfuric acid
reflux

Question 11

primary alcohol to aldehyde

reactants, conditions

Answer 11

oxidation
acidified potassium dichromate (VII)
distilled, excess alcohol

Question 12

primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

reactants, conditions

Answer 12

oxidation
acidified potassium dichromate (VII)
reflux, excess oxidising agent

Question 13

secondary alcohol to ketone

reactants, conditions

Answer 13

oxidation
acidified potassium dichromate (VII)
reflux

Question 14

alcohol to alkene

conditions

Answer 14

dehydration
Alumina catalyst, 300 C
OR c. sulfuric acid catalyst, reflux

Question 15

Acid hydrolysis of esters

reactants, products, conditions

Answer 15

ester + water —–> carboxylic acid + alcohol

dilute acid
excess water to shift equilibrium
reflux

Question 16

Alkaline hydrolysis of esters

reactants, products, conditions

Answer 16

ester + NaOH —-> carboxylate salt + alcohol

reflux

Question 17

Acid hydrolysis of amides

reactants, products, conditions

Answer 17

amide + water + HCl —–> carboxylic acid + ammonium/amine salt

heated

Question 18

Alkaline hydrolysis of amides

reactants, products, conditions

Answer 18

amide + NaOH —-> carboxylate salt + ammonia/amine

heated

Question 19

ammonia/amine to amide

reactants

Answer 19

Acyl chloride

Question 20

Bromination

reactants, products, conditions, mechanism

Answer 20

benzene + bromine —> bromobenzene + HBr

FeBr3 (Halogen carrier)
reflux

electrophilic substitution

Question 21

Chlorination

reactants, products, conditions, mechanism

Answer 21

benzene + chlorine —> chlorobenzene + HCl

AlCl3 (halogen carrier)
anhydrous

electrophilic substitution

Question 22

Nitration

reactants, products, conditions, mechanism

Answer 22

benzene + c.nitric acid (HNO3) + c.H2SO4 —-> nitrobenzene + water
(forms nitrating mixture)

<55 C

electrophilic substitution

Question 23

Sulfonation

reactants, products, conditions, mechanism

Answer 23

benzene + sulfuric acid —-> benzenesulfonic acid + H+

reflux

electrophilic substitution

Question 24

Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene

reactants, conditions

Answer 24

chloroalkane

AlCl3 (halogen carrier)
reflux
anhydrous

Question 25

Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene | reactants, conditions

Answer 25

acyl chloride AlCl3 (halogen carrier) reflux anhydrous

Question 26

Diazotisation | reactants, products, conditions,procedure

Answer 26

aromatic amine + HNO2 + H+ ----> diazonium ion +2H20 <5 C - amine dissolved in HCl - cold sodium nitrite solution added (forms HNO2) - kept cold in ice bath

Question 27

Coupling reaction | reactants, products, procedure

Answer 27

``` Coupling agent (phenol or aromatic amine) Forms azo dye ``` -coupling agent solution prepared (phenol in sodium hydroxide solution) -Ice-cold diazonium salt solution added

Question 28

Aldehyde with Fehling's solution | what is oxidised/reduced, products, observations

Answer 28

Cu(II) ions reduced to Cu20 Aldehyde oxidised to carboxylic acid Blue solution ----> red precipitate

Question 29

Aldehyde with Tollen's reagent | what is oxidised/reduced, products, observations

Answer 29

Ag+ ions reduced to Ag Aldehyde oxidised to carboxylic acid Silver mirror

Question 30

Aldehyde/ketone to cyanohydrin | mechanism, reactants, conditions

Answer 30

nucleophilic addition HCN acidic conditions