Reactions

Question 1

what is grignard reagent? what are the limitations?

Answer 1

R-MgX, limitations: -OH, H+, H2O

Question 2

combining a grignard reagent w/ an aldehyde forms what?

Answer 2

secondary alcohol

Question 3

combining a grignard reagent w/ a ketone forms what?

Answer 3

tertiary alcohol

Question 4

what is the mechanism for grignard?

Answer 4

step 1: R group from RMgX attacks carbonyl, which then break C=O bond
step 2: the negatively charged oxygen attacks H from H3O+ to form major product

Question 5

what type of product does an ester produce from grignard reagent? and how does it happen?

Answer 5

tertiary alcohol, by adding two R groups to ester

Question 6

what is wolffkishner reaction?

Answer 6

total reduction, all oxygens are gone

Question 7

what is witting reaction?

Answer 7

turns aldehydes/ketones to alkenes, by reacting with PPh3

Question 8

what is the gilman reagent?

Answer 8

R2CuLi

Question 9

what does gilman reagent do?

Answer 9

converts alkly halide to alkane, replaces them

Question 10

what does gilman reagent do to alpha beta unsaturated ketones

Answer 10

adds R group to beta position

Question 11

what is an amine reaction

Answer 11

replaces C=O with C=N , only when what?

Question 12

what happens when secondary amine reacts with ketone/aldehyde?

Answer 12

C=O turns into C=Rgroup and that same C single bonded to N

Question 13

what reagents can be used to reduced ketones/aldehydes

Answer 13

LiAlH4 & NaBH4

Question 14

what are the limitations for reagent NaBH4

Answer 14

can only reduce ketones and aldehydes, not ester & etc.

Question 15

what does reduction do to ketone?

Answer 15

reduces C=O to C-OH, making it secondary alcohol

Question 16

what does reduction do to aldehyde

Answer 16

reduces C=O to C-O and adds H to primary C, making it primary alcohol

Question 17

what happens to carbons during reduction reaction

Answer 17

number of carbons stays the same

Question 18

what happens during cyanohydrin reaction

Answer 18

HCN reacts with ketone/aldehyde and forms OH and a substituent of C triple bond N

Question 19

what happens during reduction of carboxylic acid

Answer 19

using LiAlH4 the O is reduced and two Hs form

Question 20

what occurs during acid base reaction with carboxylic acids

Answer 20

H2O is formed as side product and OH is reduced to O- with Na+ on side

Question 21

what happens during carboxylic reaction with SOCl2

Answer 21

OH is replaced with Cl

Question 22

fisher esterification

Answer 22

acid with alcohol and HCl pushing the reaction to form H2O as side product and ester

Question 23

preparation of nitriles

Answer 23

alkyl halide with NaCN forms a C triple bond N nitrile

Question 24

reaction of nitrile (acid-catalyzed)

Answer 24

nitrile reacts with H3O+ to form carboxylic acid

Question 25

reaction of nitriles (base-catalyzed0

Answer 25

nitrile reacts with OH- to form R-C-(O-)=O and then H3o reacts to form carboxylic acid

Question 26

nitriles with grignard reagent

Answer 26

form C=O with two R groups

Question 27

what does nitrile hydrolysis do?

Answer 27

forms carboxylic acid by using alkyl halide to react with NaCN to replace Br with CN and H3o+ reacts to form COOH