Reactionary Flashcards
Why did Alexander II suddenly become reactionary?
Because of an assassination attempt on his life in 1866
His eldest son died and his wife retreated into a private life-he started a new relationship, so the close liberal members of his family who encouraged reform lost influence
He was exhausted by criticism from reformists & conservatives
What Ministerial changes did Alexander make? (reactionary)
Replaced his liberal reforming ministers with conservatives
Count Peter Shuvalov was made chief of police in charge of the Third Section, his appointment heralded return to a conservative atmosphere & policy of repression
What educational reforms were made? (reactionary)
Subjects that encouraged independent thought (eg history) were replaced (eg maths)
1871 formal division made between schools gimnaziya concentrated on classical education
‘real schools’ focused on modern school subjects
only gimnaziya students could progress to university,
What educational reforms were made? (reactionary)
Subjects that encouraged independent thought (eg history) were replaced (eg maths)
1871 formal division made between schools gimnaziya concentrated on classical education
‘real schools’ focused on modern school subjects
only gimnaziya students could progress to university, students from ‘real schools’ went onto higher technical institutions
Who was Alexander II’s reactionary Minister of Education?
Count Tolstoy
How did Tolstoy’s educational policies show some liberal aspects?
Increased the number of teacher training colleges
despite disapproval he had to accept Moscow University’s decision to organise lectures for women
What was the ‘Shuvalov era’?
Shuvalov (a reactionary) had opposed Alexander’s reforms of the 1860s, he brought in other reactionary conservatives to office
What did the reactionary conservative support?
Use of rule by emergency decree
tightening up of censorship
use of military courts to try cases of political violence
What happened to revolutionary activity between 1873 and 1877?
It increased
Leading to an arrest of 1611 populists
Two major trials held
What two major trials were held?
‘trial of the 50’ and ‘trial of 193’
When was the first serious attempt on Alexander II’s life?
1866
reactionary shift
Who was appointed as minister of Interior + what were his aims?
Pyotr Shuvalov
strengthen police + the third section
eliminate the opposition
What did Tolstoy do?
made requirements needed to enter a university much harder for lower classes to achieve, angered students + teachers, led to opposition
How did courts encourage people in radical and revolutionary activites?
Liberal reforms had made courts fairer so most of those arrested were set free without punishment, encouraged radicals as the fear of harsh punishment decreased
