Reaction types, nucleophiles and electrophiles, and Curly Arrows Flashcards
1
Q
What is an acid/base reaction?
A
2
Q
What is a substitution reaction?
A
- It’s a reaction where one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group.
3
Q
What is an addition reaction?
A
- A reaction in which one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products.
- From double to single bonds
4
Q
Name the 5 main types of reactions that a molecule can go through.
A
- Acid-base reaction
- Substitution
- Addition
- Elimination
- Oxidation and reduction
5
Q
What is an elemination reaction?
A
- Two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one or two-step mechanism
- Opposite to addition
6
Q
What is an oxidation reaction?
A
- Oxidation is loss of electrons
- Decrease in CH bonds and increase in OH bonds
- Oxygen content percentage goes up as we loss hydrogen.
- It’s the loss of hydrogen as hydrogen takes two electrons with it, making the compound lose electrons.
7
Q
What is a reduction reaction?
A
- Gain of electrons
- Oxygen content of the molecule as a function of mass has gone down
- Reduction is the gain of H
8
Q
Which compounds have the largest acidity?
A
Compounds that have an OH group attached
9
Q
What does a curly arrow represent?
A
It represents electron pair movement
10
Q
Describe the movement of a curly arrow
A
- A curly arrow starts at the electron pair that moves and ends at the atom to which the electron pair has moved
11
Q
What does a curly arrow pointing away from a bond mean?
A
- An arrow from a bond indicates breaking of that bond
12
Q
What does an arrow between two species mean?
A
- An arrow between two species indicates a bond is formed between the species
13
Q
How do curly arrows help explain acidity?
A
- Difference in acidity results from resonance stabilisation of the anion
14
Q
What is resonance?
A
- The two extremes of a structure
- The real structure is in the middle
15
Q
What is an electrophile?
A
- An electrophile seeks lone pairs
- It’s electron deficient (are positively charged)
- The curly arrows end at the electrophile
- eg. H+, HCl, NO2+
19
Q
What is Hydrogenation?
A
- The addition of hydrogen in a reaction
- Catalyst is required to break the H-H bond
*
20
Q
What is halogenation?
A
- The addition of a halogen in a reaction
21
Q
What is hydrohalogenation?
A
- The addition of hydrogen and halogen (hydrogen halide)
22
Q
What is hydration?
A
- Addition of water to a reaction
