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OCR A A-Level chemistry > reaction reagents and conditiond > Flashcards

reaction reagents and conditiond Flashcards

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1
Q

dehydrating an alcohol (alcohol - alkene)

A 
acid catalyst (H3PO4)
170 degrees
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2
Q

what can an acyl chloride become

A

carboxylic acid
ester
primary amide
primary amide

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3
Q

what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid

A

H2O

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4
Q

what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to an ester

A

alcohol

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5
Q

what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to a primary amide

A

excess ammonia

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6
Q

what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to a secondary amide

A

primary amine

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7
Q

what type of reaction does an acyl chloride undergo

A

addition elimination

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8
Q

what is needed to form an acyl chloride

A

carboxylic acid and SOCl2

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9
Q

what are the pros and cons of using acyl chlorides

A

pro - quick reactions

con - dangerous products, expensive, corrosive

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10
Q

what are the pros and cons of using acid anhydride

A

pro - cheaper, less corrosive, safer

con - slow reaction

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11
Q

how do you add NO2 to benzene (nitration of benzene)

A

add HNO3

H2SO4 catalyst

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12
Q

what is needed for halogenation of benzene

A

Br2(or X2) and halogen carrier (AlBr3)

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13
Q

what is needed for acylation of benzene

A

RCOCl (acyl chloride functional group)
AlCl3, catalyst, reflux
60 degrees

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14
Q

what are the ways to make an ester

A 
reaction between alcohol and:
- carboxylic acid
or
- acid anhydride 
or
- acyl chloride
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15
Q

what is needed when making an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

A

H2SO4 catalyst with gentle heating

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16
Q

how can you make an ester using a phenol

A

acid anhydride and phenol

17
Q

why is the yield of ester formation higher when using acid anhydrides

A

it is irreversible

18
Q

what is used in the acid hydrolysis of an ester

A

H2SO4 and H2O

19
Q

what is used in the alkali hydrolysis of an ester

A

NaOH or KOH

20
Q

what is formed in the hydrolysis of an ester

A

acid - carboxylic acid and alcohol

alkali - alcohol and carboxylate salt

21
Q

how is an aliphatic primary amine prepared

A
  • ammonia reacts with a haloalkane - makes ammonium salt

- excess ammonia is added to form primary amine and ammonium chloride salt

22
Q

how are secondary and tertiary amines prepared

A

additional substitution on a primary amine

- add haloalkane

23
Q

why do further substitutions happen to primary and secondary amines

A

lone pairs of electrons on N

24
Q

how is an aromatic amine formed

A

reaction of nitrobenzene - tin and c.HCl at 100 degrees and add NaOH after a while

25
Q

what reactions will the amine group in an amino acid undergo

A

acts as a base due to lone pair so will become an ammonium salt when acid is added

26
Q

what reactions will the acid group undergo in an amino acid

A

metal oxides- neutralisation, metal salt
alkalis - neutralisation, salt and water
carboxylic acid - salt, CO2 and water
alcohol - ester and water

27
Q

what is formed when an amine and acid react

A

alkylammonium salt

28
Q

what is observed when carboxylic acids react with a metal or metal carbonate

A

effervescence

29
Q

what is formed when a carbonyl reacts with 2,4-DNP

A

yellow/orange ppt

30
Q

what is formed when pollens reagent is added to a carbonyl

A

silver mirror

31
Q

what is needed to oxidise an aldehyde and what is formed

A

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4

carboxylic acid is formed

32
Q

what is needed to reduce a carbonyl and what is formed

A

NaBH4, alcohol is formed

33
Q

how is a hydroxynitrile formed

A

carbonyl and (H)CN

34
Q

what is formed when phenol is reacted with bromine

A

white ppt

35
Q

what is needed for the nitration of phenol? how is it different to nitration of bromine

A

only HNO3 - no catalyst needed

36
Q

what are the conditions and reagents for the acylation of benzene

A 
RCOCl
AlCl3
catalyst
reflux
60degrees
37
Q

what is needed for alkylation

A

haloalkane

halogen carrier

OCR A A-Level chemistry (3 decks)

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