reaction reagents and conditiond Flashcards by Annabel Roberts

dehydrating an alcohol (alcohol - alkene)

acid catalyst (H3PO4)
170 degrees

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what can an acyl chloride become

carboxylic acid
ester
primary amide
primary amide

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what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid

H2O

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what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to an ester

alcohol

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what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to a primary amide

excess ammonia

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what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to a secondary amide

primary amine

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what type of reaction does an acyl chloride undergo

addition elimination

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what is needed to form an acyl chloride

carboxylic acid and SOCl2

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what are the pros and cons of using acyl chlorides

pro - quick reactions

con - dangerous products, expensive, corrosive

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what are the pros and cons of using acid anhydride

pro - cheaper, less corrosive, safer

con - slow reaction

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how do you add NO2 to benzene (nitration of benzene)

add HNO3

H2SO4 catalyst

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what is needed for halogenation of benzene

Br2(or X2) and halogen carrier (AlBr3)

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what is needed for acylation of benzene

RCOCl (acyl chloride functional group)
AlCl3, catalyst, reflux
60 degrees

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what are the ways to make an ester

reaction between alcohol and:
- carboxylic acid
or
- acid anhydride 
or
- acyl chloride

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what is needed when making an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

H2SO4 catalyst with gentle heating

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how can you make an ester using a phenol

acid anhydride and phenol

why is the yield of ester formation higher when using acid anhydrides

it is irreversible

what is used in the acid hydrolysis of an ester

H2SO4 and H2O

what is used in the alkali hydrolysis of an ester

NaOH or KOH

what is formed in the hydrolysis of an ester

acid - carboxylic acid and alcohol

alkali - alcohol and carboxylate salt

how is an aliphatic primary amine prepared

ammonia reacts with a haloalkane - makes ammonium salt

- excess ammonia is added to form primary amine and ammonium chloride salt

how are secondary and tertiary amines prepared

additional substitution on a primary amine

- add haloalkane

why do further substitutions happen to primary and secondary amines

lone pairs of electrons on N

how is an aromatic amine formed

reaction of nitrobenzene - tin and c.HCl at 100 degrees and add NaOH after a while

what reactions will the amine group in an amino acid undergo

acts as a base due to lone pair so will become an ammonium salt when acid is added

what reactions will the acid group undergo in an amino acid

metal oxides- neutralisation, metal salt alkalis - neutralisation, salt and water carboxylic acid - salt, CO2 and water alcohol - ester and water

what is formed when an amine and acid react

alkylammonium salt

what is observed when carboxylic acids react with a metal or metal carbonate

effervescence

what is formed when a carbonyl reacts with 2,4-DNP

yellow/orange ppt

what is formed when pollens reagent is added to a carbonyl

silver mirror

what is needed to oxidise an aldehyde and what is formed

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 | carboxylic acid is formed

what is needed to reduce a carbonyl and what is formed

NaBH4, alcohol is formed

how is a hydroxynitrile formed

carbonyl and (H)CN

what is formed when phenol is reacted with bromine

white ppt

what is needed for the nitration of phenol? how is it different to nitration of bromine

only HNO3 - no catalyst needed

what are the conditions and reagents for the acylation of benzene

``` RCOCl AlCl3 catalyst reflux 60degrees ```

what is needed for alkylation

haloalkane | halogen carrier