reaction reagents and conditiond Flashcards
dehydrating an alcohol (alcohol - alkene)
acid catalyst (H3PO4) 170 degrees
what can an acyl chloride become
carboxylic acid
ester
primary amide
primary amide
what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid
H2O
what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to an ester
alcohol
what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to a primary amide
excess ammonia
what is needed to go from an acyl chloride to a secondary amide
primary amine
what type of reaction does an acyl chloride undergo
addition elimination
what is needed to form an acyl chloride
carboxylic acid and SOCl2
what are the pros and cons of using acyl chlorides
pro - quick reactions
con - dangerous products, expensive, corrosive
what are the pros and cons of using acid anhydride
pro - cheaper, less corrosive, safer
con - slow reaction
how do you add NO2 to benzene (nitration of benzene)
add HNO3
H2SO4 catalyst
what is needed for halogenation of benzene
Br2(or X2) and halogen carrier (AlBr3)
what is needed for acylation of benzene
RCOCl (acyl chloride functional group)
AlCl3, catalyst, reflux
60 degrees
what are the ways to make an ester
reaction between alcohol and: - carboxylic acid or - acid anhydride or - acyl chloride
what is needed when making an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
H2SO4 catalyst with gentle heating
how can you make an ester using a phenol
acid anhydride and phenol
why is the yield of ester formation higher when using acid anhydrides
it is irreversible
what is used in the acid hydrolysis of an ester
H2SO4 and H2O
what is used in the alkali hydrolysis of an ester
NaOH or KOH
what is formed in the hydrolysis of an ester
acid - carboxylic acid and alcohol
alkali - alcohol and carboxylate salt
how is an aliphatic primary amine prepared
- ammonia reacts with a haloalkane - makes ammonium salt
- excess ammonia is added to form primary amine and ammonium chloride salt
how are secondary and tertiary amines prepared
additional substitution on a primary amine
- add haloalkane
why do further substitutions happen to primary and secondary amines
lone pairs of electrons on N
how is an aromatic amine formed
reaction of nitrobenzene - tin and c.HCl at 100 degrees and add NaOH after a while
what reactions will the amine group in an amino acid undergo
acts as a base due to lone pair so will become an ammonium salt when acid is added
what reactions will the acid group undergo in an amino acid
metal oxides- neutralisation, metal salt
alkalis - neutralisation, salt and water
carboxylic acid - salt, CO2 and water
alcohol - ester and water
what is formed when an amine and acid react
alkylammonium salt
what is observed when carboxylic acids react with a metal or metal carbonate
effervescence
what is formed when a carbonyl reacts with 2,4-DNP
yellow/orange ppt
what is formed when pollens reagent is added to a carbonyl
silver mirror
what is needed to oxidise an aldehyde and what is formed
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
carboxylic acid is formed
what is needed to reduce a carbonyl and what is formed
NaBH4, alcohol is formed
how is a hydroxynitrile formed
carbonyl and (H)CN
what is formed when phenol is reacted with bromine
white ppt
what is needed for the nitration of phenol? how is it different to nitration of bromine
only HNO3 - no catalyst needed
what are the conditions and reagents for the acylation of benzene
RCOCl AlCl3 catalyst reflux 60degrees
what is needed for alkylation
haloalkane
halogen carrier
