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reaction conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Alkenes to Disubstituted Halogenoalkane

A

EA
Br2 (l) or Cl2(g)
decolourisation of reddish-brown liquid / greenish-yellow gas

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2
Q

Alkenes to Halohydrin

A

EA
Br2 (aq)
Decolourisation of orange solution

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3
Q

Alkene to Monosubstituted Halogenoalkane

A

EA
Dry HCl or HBr

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4
Q

Alkene to Alcohol

A

EA
Steam, H3PO4, high T high P
or
Water, excess concentrated H2SO4, cold

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5
Q

Arenes to Halogenoarene

A

ES
X2, FeX3, heat
Decolourisation of reddish brown liquid / greenish-yellow gas

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6
Q

Arenes to Nitrobenzene

A

ES
Conc HNO3, Conc. H2SO4, 55
Pale yellow liquid formed

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7
Q

Arenes to Methylbenzene

A

ES
RX, FeX3, heat
White HX fumes formed

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8
Q

Methylbenzene to 1-(halo)-2 or 4-methyl benzene

A

ES
X2, FeX3, rt
White HX fumes and Decolourisation of reddish-brown liquid / Greenish-yellow gas

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9
Q

Methylbenzene to 2 or 4-nitromethylbezene

A

ES
Conc HNO3, Conc H2SO4, 30
Pale yellow oily liquid formed

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10
Q

Methylbenzene to 1,2 or 4-dimethylbenzene

A

ES
RX, FeX3, rt
White fumes of HX

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11
Q

Phenol to 2 or 4-bromophenol

A

ES
Br2 in CCl4
Decolourisation of reddish-brown liquid

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12
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6-Tribromophenol

A

ES
Br2 (aq)
Decolourisation of orange solution

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13
Q

Phenols to 2- or 4-nitrophenol

A

ES
Dilute HNO3
Pale yellow oily liquid formed

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14
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

A

ES
Conc HNO3
Pale yellow oily liquid formed

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15
Q

Phenylamine to 2- or 4-bromoaniline

A

ES
Br2 in CCl4
Decolourisation of reddish-brown liquid

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16
Q

Phenylamine to 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline

A

ES
Br2 (aq)
Decolourisation of orange solution

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17
Q

Halogenoalkane to Alcohol

A

NS
Dil NaOH, heat

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18
Q

Halogenoalkane to Nitrile

A

NS
Ethanolic NaCN, heat

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19
Q

Halogenoalkane to Amine

A

NS
Limited halogenoalkane, ethanolic conc NH3, heat in a sealed tube

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20
Q

Alcohols to Chloroalkanes

A

NS
1. Conc HCl, anhydrous ZnCl2, heat
2. PCl3, rt (by product H3PO4 aq)
3. PCl5, rt (by product POCl3 aq, HCl g)
4. SOCl2, warm (by product SO2 g, HCl g)

3 and 4 produce white fumes of HX
4 decolourises purple acidified KMnO4

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21
Q

Phenylamine to N-methylaniline

A

NS
RX, heat in a sealed tube
White HX fumes

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22
Q

Phenylamine to N-phenylethanamide

A

NS
RCOCl, rt
White HCl fumes

23
Q

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

A

NS
H2O
White HCl fumes

24
Q

Acyl chloride to ester

A

NS
Alcohol, rt
Sweet smelling oily layer

25
Q

Acyl chloride to ester

A

NS
Phenol, NaOH
Sweet smelling oily layer

26
Q

Acyl chloride to Amide

A

NS
NH3 in excess, rt
White HCl fumes

27
Q

Halogenoalkanes to alkene

A

Elimination
Ethanolic NaOH, heat
White HX fumes

28
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

Elimination
1. Conc H3PO4, heat
2. Excess conc H2SO4, heat
3. Al2O3, heat
White HX fumes

29
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

A. Hydrolysis
H2O, dil H2SO4, heat
NH4+ ions

30
Q

Nitrile to carboxylate ion

A

B. Hydrolysis
H2O, dil NaOH, heat
Pungent gas turns moist red litmust blue, NH3

31
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol

A

A. Hydrolysis
H2O in large excess, dil H2SO4, heat under reflux

32
Q

Ester to carboxylate ion and alcohol

A

B. Hydrolysis
H2O, dil NaOH, heat under reflux

33
Q

Carbonyl to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone

A

Condensation
2,4, - dinitrophenylhydrazine
orange ppt

34
Q

Amines to amides

A

Condensation
RCOCl, rt
White HCl fumes

35
Q

Phenols to ester

A

Condensation
RCOCl, NaOH (aq)
White HCl fumes

36
Q

Na added to ROH, Phenol and RCOOH

A

Acid-metal redox
All reacts
H2 extinguish lighted splint

37
Q

NaOH added to ROH, Phenol and RCOOH

A

Acid-base neutralisation
Phenol and RCOOH react

38
Q

NA2CO3 added to ROH, Phenol and RCOOH

A

Acid-carbonate reaction
RCOOH react
CO2 forms white ppt bubbled into Ca(OH)2

39
Q

Carbonyls to Hydroxynitriles

A

NA
1. HCN, trace KCN, cold
2. HCN, NaOH, cold

40
Q

Alkene to diol

A

Mild oxidation
NaOH(aq), KMnO4(aq), cold
Purple KMnO4 decolourised

41
Q

Alkene to CO2, H2O, carboxylic acid, ketone, etc

A

Oxidative cleavage
H2SO4(aq), KMnO4(aq), heat
Purple KMnO4 decolourised

42
Q

Methylbenzene to Benzoic acid

A

Side-chain oxidation
H2SO4(aq), KMnO4(aq), heat
Purple KMnO4 decolourised
White ppt

43
Q

primary ROH to aldehyde
secondary ROH to ketone

A

Controlled oxidation
K2Cr2O7 (aq), KMno4(aq), heat to immediate distillation
Orange K2Cr2O7 turns green

44
Q

primary ROH to RCOOH
secondary ROH to ketone

A

Oxidation
KMnO4(aq), H2SO4(aq), heat
Purple KMnO4 decolourised

45
Q

Aldehyde to Carboxylate ion

A

Oxidation
Tollen’s reagent
Silver mirror formed

46
Q

Aliphatic aldehyde to carboxylate ion

A

Oxidation
Fehling’s reagent
Cu2O brick-red ppt

47
Q

Methyl ketone to carboxylate ion
Methyl alcohol to carboxylate ion

A

Oxidation
I2, NaOH(aq), warm
CHI3 triiodomethane yellow ppt

balancing
I2, OH-, I-, OH-
4, 6, 5, 5

48
Q

Nitrobenzene to Phenylamine

A

Reduction
Sn, excess HCl, heat, followed by excess NaOH (aq)

49
Q

Alkene to alkane

A

Reduction
H2, Ni, heat

50
Q

Carbonyl to alcohol

A

Reduction
1. LiAlH4 in dry ether
2. NaBH4 in methanol
3. H2, Ni, heat

51
Q

Nitrile to amine

A

Reduction
1. LiAlH4 in dry ether
2. H2, Ni, heat

52
Q

RCOOH to ROH

A

Reduction
LiAlH4 in dry ether

53
Q

Amide to amine

A

Reduction
LiAlH4 in dry ether

54
Q

Ester to Alcohol and aldehyde

A

Reduction
LiAlH4 in dry ether

reaction conditions (1 decks)

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