Re-establishing Control in the 1470s

Question 1

RETRIBUTION

Which nobles were executed after being dragged out from Tewkesbury Abbey?

Answer 1

Hugh Courtenay, Somerset & Sir John Langstrother (Prior of the Order of St. John)

Question 2

RETRIBUTION

Which Essex ship captains were executed and why?

Answer 2

Spicing and Quint.

They had supported Warwick/Lead Fauconberg’s attack on London (Ross)

Question 3

RETRIBUTION

Which towns were punished for supporting Warwick and the Readeption? How?

Answer 3

The Cinque Ports, Canterbury and Coventry.

Their liberties - trading permissions - were revoked, rendering them economically destitute.

Question 4

RETRIBUTION

What happened to Jasper Tudor?

Answer 4

He tried to hold out in Wales against William Herbert, the Yorkist appointed Earl of Pembroke (after failing to unite his forces with those of Margaret of Anjou). This failed and he fled to Brittany with Henry Tudor.

Question 5

RETRIBUTION

Which Lancastrian nobles were killed at Tewkesbury?

Answer 5

John Beaufort (Somerset’s younger brother), the Earl of Devon and Edward, Prince of Wales.

Question 6

RETRIBUTION

What happened to George Neville, the Archbishop of York?

Answer 6

He was fired and imprisoned for his support of the Readeption (Neville had acted as Henry VI’s Chancellor).
[Note; Edward waited to appoint another Archbishop, all the while taking the profits of the Archbishopric for himself.]

Question 7

RECONCILIATION

How many attainders were passed following the Battle of Tewkesbury?

Answer 7

Only thirteen. Six of which were against men who were already dead.

Question 8

RECONCILIATION

Who was John Morton and what happened to him?

Answer 8

He had been a Lancastrian cleric who fled the country after Towton.
He was pardoned and chosen to educate Edward, Prince of Wales.

Question 9

RECONCILIATION

How was John Fortescue reconciled?

Answer 9

He had been chancellor to Henry VI and had accompanied Margaret into exile. However, after writing ‘the Governance of England’, seemingly to please and contribute to Edward’s government, he was brought back into Edward’s favour.

Question 10

RECONCILIATION

Who was Sir John Tunstall and how did Edward regain his support?

Answer 10

He had fought for the Lancastrians at Wakefield, St. Albans II, Towton, Hedgeley Moor and Harlech Castle. He was also a supporter of the Readeption.
He was pardoned by Edward after his defection and became a loyal supporter for the remainder of Edward’s reign.

Question 11

REWARD

What reward did Louis of Bruges receive? Why?

Answer 11

For giving Edward shelter in Burgundy, Louis was made Earl of Winchester.

Question 12

REWARD

How and why was Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, rewarded by Edward?

Answer 12

He was reinstated as the treasurer upon Edward’s return for his loyal military service at St. Albans II, Towton etc.

Question 13

REWARD

Who was Mark Symondson and how was he rewarded?

Answer 13

He was the master of the ship upon which Edward had fled to Burgundy. He was given an annuity (an annual pension).

Question 14

REWARD

What was Sir Richard Beauchamp rewarded for?

Answer 14

He was given an annuity for his actions as Constable of Gloucester. He had closed the city gates and denied Margaret crossing to Wales.

Question 15

REWARD; Note

Where are the other high profile rewards detailed?

Answer 15

The Lords who had supported Edward’s return were rewarded under his acts of Regionalisation.

Question 16

REPRESSION

Describe the Fauconberg Rebellion

Answer 16

This was led by Thomas Neville, the Bastard of Fauconberg. He was the illegitimate son of the original Fauconberg, Warwick’s uncle).
He had been patrolling the English Channel with Warwick’s fleet.
From the 12th of May he made attempts to capture London but fled upon the arrival of Edward’s vanguard.
He was captured at Southampton on the 14th of May and was later executed by RDoG in uncertain circumstances.

Question 17

REPRESSION

Describe the efforts of the Earl of Oxford

Answer 17

John de Vere, the Earl of Oxford, had been a loyal Lancastrian and had survived the Battle of Barnet.
In 1473 he made a failed attempt to land in Oxford.
After this, he decided to take St. Michael’s Mount, a fort in Cornwall. From September 1473 to the 15th of February 1474 this was the last pocket of Lancastrian resistance held in England. After his surrender he was imprisoned at Hames, but later escaped to support Henry Tudor.

Question 18

REGIONALISATION

What is important about Edward’s system of regionalising control?

Answer 18

Enormous power was given to semi-autonomous nobles. They became mighty, but not overmighty due to Edward’s personal authority. This system only fell apart, the nobles only became over-mighty, when Edward died.
The political system Edward created was not sustainable.

Question 19

REGIONALISATION

How was RDoG rewarded?

Answer 19

He became head of the Council of the North and received all of Warwick’s lands north of the Trent.
RDoG was granted a royal palatinate, virtually the powers of a King, in the north at the 1482-1483 parliament

Question 20

REGIONALISATION

How was Clarence rewarded?

Answer 20

He was nominally the Lieutenant of Ireland, but in practice the territories were run by Sir Richard Debenham.
He was given land in the West Midlands, effectively Warwick’s lands south of the Trent.
He was also granted the Honour of Richmond, giving him the estates without the peerage title of Earl of Richmond. This was previously owned by RDoG.

Question 21

REGIONALISATION

Where did Thomas Grey receive power?

Answer 21

He was made Marquess of Dorset.

Thomas was Elizabeth’s son from her first marriage, so Edward’s stepson.

Question 22

REGIONALISATION

What happened to William Herbert? (Son of the original)

Answer 22

He was initially given control of Wales as the Earl of Pembroke but turned out to be a bit of a flannel.
As a result Earl Rivers was placed in control of Wales as the head of a council established in the name of Edward, Prince of Wales.

Question 23

REGIONALISATION

Where was the Stanley power base?

Answer 23

Lord Stanley was given control of the north-west.

Question 24

REGIONALISATION

How was William, Lord Hastings rewarded for his unswerving loyalty?

Answer 24

His power was increased in the midlands was increased, he ran the region.

Question 25

REGIONALISATION

Who received control of East Anglia?

Answer 25

The Dukes of Norfolk (Thomas Howard) and Suffolk (John de la Pole, son of the original)

Question 26

REGIONALISATION

Summarise the regions and delegation of power - SW

Answer 26

SW - John, Lord Dynham and Thomas, Marquess of Dorset (as of 1475).

Question 27

REGIONALISATION

Summarise the regions and delegation of power - Wales and the Marches

Answer 27

William Herbert’s son, also William, succeeded his father as the Earl of Pembroke. However, he failed to be effective and Edward appointed Earl Rivers to run the region by a council in the name of Edward, Prince of Wales.

Question 28

REGIONALISATION

Summarise the regions and delegation of power - East Anglia

Answer 28

The Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and John, Lord Howard.

Question 29

REGIONALISATION

Summarise the regions and delegation of power - NW

Answer 29

Thomas, Lord Stanley, held power in Cheshire and Lancashire.

Question 30

REGIONALISATION

Summarise the regions and delegation of power - Midlands

Answer 30

Lord Hastings and (to a lesser extent) Clarence (who was responsible for the Warwick estates).

Question 31

REGIONALISATION

Summarise the regions and delegation of power - North

Answer 31

Northumberland and Gloucester (who was responsible for the Neville lands).

Question 32

REGIONALISATION

Summarise the regions and delegation of power - Ireland

Answer 32

The theoretical Lieutenant was Clarence, but the ‘laissez faire’ approach allowed the Gerald Earls to effectively run the affairs of Ireland.