RD Exam Flashcards
Top Down Budget
prepared by upper management and given to operating units
Bottom-Up Budget
each unit prepares a budget that is then sent up to upper management
Baseline Budget
starts with previous budget and adjusts for current conditions
Zero Based Budget
determines cost, outlay and inflows without a baseline budget. Aims to eliminate unnecessary expenses, works better for discretionary costs vs operating costs
Fixed Budget
static budget, do not change based on business variations
Flexible Budget
changes w/ business acitivty bc the budget is constrcuted with a rate of per unit of activity rather than a fixed amount. Used for measuring efficiency
Incremental budget
Uses existing budget numbers as a base and adds incremental amounts relative to current budget
Value Proposition Budgeting
budget-building mindset
Assets-to-liabilities Ratio
the percentage of assets divided by debt
Debt-to-equity ratio
the percentage of assets funded by shareholders equity and debt
Inventory Turnover Rate
Costs of goods sold/average inventory
Used to assess if there is efficient use of assets
Profitability ratio
ability to generate excess income relative to sales
Solvency ratio
ability to meet long term debts
Liquidity ratio
ability to meet short-term debts
Activity ratio
ability to transfer non-cash assets to cash assets
Current ratio
divide current assets by current liabilities
Net profit
Gross profit - total expenses
total assets
indicate monetary value of a property beyond any amounts owed - everything the company owns, including liability
current assets
liquid assets, or those easily converted to cash
accounts receivable
money owed by the company that will be fulfilled promptly, such as CC payments
accounts payable
money the company owes, such as to vendors or wholesalers
accumlated depreciation
a fixed asset, the total depreciation of an asset up to a given date
current liabilities
includes account payable and accrued expenses that must be paid within 12 months
owners equity
monetary value of property, beyond debts, including retained earnings
Retained earnings
income set aside by the company instead of being distributed to shareholders
gross profit (income statement)
total sales minus the costs of goods sold (COGS)
operating costs (income statement)
expenses
cost of goods sold (income statement)
COGS, the cost of producing the goods that are sold
CDC
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is the national public health agency of the United States.
Correlation vs Causation
Correlation does NOT imply causation
Causation means one thing causes another—in other words, action A causes outcome B. On the other hand, correlation is simply a relationship where action A relates to action B
Dependent variable, independent variable
Dependent- the effect
Independent- the cause
Descriptive Test
To assess product’s SENSORY characteristics such as appearance, flavor, aroma, and texture
Class I Recall
Class I: Recalls for products that could cause serious injury or death
Duo Trio Test
An overall difference test which will determine whether or not a sensory difference exists between two samples
EBM Grading Evidence
Evidence grading is a systematic method for assessing and rating the quality of evidence that is produced from a research study, clinical guideline, a systematic review, or expert opinion
Errors of Data Distortion
is the deviation of data from its true or most accurate representation of the full picture
Experimental
New or uses new ideas or methods, and might be modified later if it is unsuccessful
Focus Group
A group interview involving a small number of demographically similar people or participants who have other common traits/experiences
FSIS Responsibilities
ensuring that the nation’s commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged.
GRAS
FDA: Generally Recognized As Safe - a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts under the conditions of its intended use.
Green RADURA
Internationally recognized as an indication of irradiated food and is displayed on foods offered for sale to the public
Health Risk Appraisal
A questionnaire about a person’s medical history, demographic characteristics and lifestyle.
Incidence
to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time
Market Segmentation
dividing a business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers based on some type of shared characteristics
Mean, Median, Mode
Mean is found by adding the numbers and dividing the sum by the number of numbers in the list (average)
Median is the middle value in a list ordered from smallest to largest
Mode is the most frequently occurring value on the list
Measurement Error
The difference between a measured quantity and its true value
Morbidity Rate
Refers to the rate at which a disease or illness occurs in a population
Mortality Rate
A measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time
Non-response Error
The error that occurs when the survey fails to get a response to one, or possibly all, of the questions.
Observational
Relating to the action or process of closely observing or watching something or someone.
Paired Comparison
Presents the respondent with two choices and calls for a preference
Placebo
An inactive substance or other intervention that looks the same as, and is given the same way as, an active drug or treatment being tested
Prevalence
The proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period.
Quantitative
Quantitative research seeks to understand the causal or correlational relationship between variables through testing hypotheses
Qualitative
Qualitative research seeks to understand a phenomenon within a real-world context through the use of interviews and observation
Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value
proportions of positive and negative results in statistics and diagnostic tests that are true positive and true negative results. they describe the performance of a diagnostic test or other statistical measure.
Reliability
overall consistency of a measure. a measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions.
Sampling Error
sampling error is a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data
Screening
The process of identifying patients, clients, or groups who may have a nutrition diagnosis and benefit from nutrition assessment and intervention by a registered dietitian.
Responsibilities of state or local regulatory authorities
Ensure that consumers are able to identify and access qualified professionals who demonstrate the knowledge, skill and competency necessary to provide safe and ethical nutrition therapy.
State licensing laws help consumers identify who is a qualified practitioner to provide a particular set of specified services, known as the profession’s scope of practice.
The Academy supports professional licensure for RDNs and other qualified nutrition professionals to protect the public by enforcing objective standards in education, work experience and exams.
Specificity vs Sensitivity
The specificity of a test is its ability to designate an individual who does not have a disease as negative (FALSE) (healthy)
The sensitivity of a test refers to a test’s ability to designate an individual with disease as positive (TRUE) (diseased)
Statistical Significance
Refers to the claim that a result from data generated by testing or experimentation is likely to be attributable to a specific cause NOT by chance
Standard Deviation
is a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean
Survery
a list of questions aimed for extracting specific data from a particular group of people
Triangle Test
is a method that determines whether a sensory difference exists between two products
USDA
US Department of Agriculture:
responsible for providing a safety net for millions of Americans who are food-insecure and for developing and promoting dietary guidance based on scientific evidence. work to increase food security and reduce hunger by providing children and low-income people access to food, a healthful diet and nutrition education in a way that supports American agriculture and inspires public confidence.
Validity
about the accuracy of a measure
3 Key Management Skills
Technical, Human, Conceptual. As employee ascends, technical skills decrease and conceptual skills increase
Affective Learning Domain
Involves feelings, emotions, and attitudes, and includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally (feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasm, motivations, and attitudes)
Andragogy
the understanding of the science and practice of adult learning
Broker versus Manufacturer’s Representative versus Wholesaler
Broker: a person who buys and sells goods or assets for others
Manufacturer Representative: an individual, sales agency or company that sells a manufacturer’s products to wholesale and retail customers
Wholesaler: a person or company that sells goods in large quantities at low prices, typically to retailers
Bureaucratic vs Autocratic
Bureaucratic is by the book
Autocratic demands obedience with no questions allowed
Campinha-Bacote Model
Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services.
A model that views cultural competence as the ongoing process in which the health care provider continuously strives to achieve the ability to effectively work within the cultural context of the client (individual, family, community)
Can Cuttings
Used before we packaged seafood in pouches. Can be used to evaluate pouch seafood. Opportunity to review several products to determine which offers the right value for your needs.
Cause and Effect Diagram
A diagram that shows the potential causes of a specific event. Product design and quality defect prevention is used to identify potential factors causing an overall effect
Changes in Management Style due to Complex, Stressful, Simultaneous Changes in a Short Time Period
Make all decisions with available information and use autocratic management for change
In this situation, there is little time to consult with individual employees or the entire group of employees. This situation can be looked at as highly unfavorable. In both highly favorable and unfavorable situations, a task-oriented (ie, autocratic) leader seems to be most effective. In highly favorable situations, the group is ready to be directed and is willing to be told what to do. In highly unfavorable situations, the group welcomes the opportunity of having the leader take the responsibility for making decisions and giving directions. Given a longer period of time to make changes, the organization would benefit by including all employees in the change process.
Cognitive Learning Domain
Aims to develop the mental skills and the acquisition of knowledge of the individual. knowledge includes the ability of the learner to recall data or information. this is followed with comprehension which assesses the ability of the learner to understand the meaning of what is known.
Collaborate Planning Sessions
Real-time discussion between people working together towards a common goal
Charrettes
A meeting in which all stakeholders in a project attempt to resolve conflicts and map solutions
Conclaves vs Caucuses
Private Meetings vs. Meetings of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement.
Contingency or Situational leadership
Contingency: a theory that states a leader’s effectiveness is contingent upon how his or her leadership style matches the situation
Situational: a theory that states a leader should adapt his or her leadership style to match the situation.
Cultural Competence
A set of congruent attitudes, behaviors, and policies that come together; organizations and institutions implement systems to apply cultural competence into practice
Delbecq’s Nominal Group Technique
Meet as a group, brainstorm, record ideas, rank, vote. Creative decision making
Delegation
The assignment of authority to another person to carry out specific activities. It is the process of distributing and entrusting work to another person
Delphi Technique
Consensus of experts in decision making. Don’t meet in person
Discipline and Disciplinary Action
Discipline: reprimand or corrective action in response to employee misconduct, rule violation, or poor performance. depending on the severity of the case
Disciplinary action: can take different forms, including: a verbal warning, a written warning, a poor performance review or evaluation.
Economical
Having good value with respect to the money/time/effort spent - aka your total inputs for the “budget”; a thrifty approach
Efficiency
The ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result. in a more general sense, it is the ability to do things well, successfully, and without waste
Employee Training
Training and education designed to improve employees’ skills, performance, and productivity
Expedient
Suitable for a purpose, given the circumstances
Feedback
Information about reactions to a product, a person’s performance of a task, etc. which is used as a basis for improvement
Flow Diagram
A diagram of the sequence of movements or actions of people or things involved in a complex system or activity
FOCUS
F-find the problem
O-organize a team
C-clarify the problem
U-understand the problem
S-select a solution
–> helps you identify the problem
Formative Evaluation
Range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.
food cost percentage
food cost/selling price
daily food cost percentage
daily food cost/daily sales
