RD Aug 2014: Formatted Flashcards
- Young girl present with dyspnoea, clear CXR, positive D-dimer and S1T3Q3 on ECG. She has a VQ scan what are you likely to see?
a. Multiple small peripheral perfusion defects
b. Multiple large perfusion defects
c. Matched defects
d. Decreased ventilation with normal perfusion
e. Complete loss of unilateral perfusion.
b. Multiple large perfusion defects
- Old guy history of trauma to left hemidiaphragm. CT scan of the chest shows multiple left sided pleural nodules. Most likely diagnosis:
a. Bronchogenic carcinoma
b. Splenosis
c. Mesothelioma
b. Splenosis
- Post lung biopsy a patient has a >50% volume pneumothroax and no midline shift. The patient is well. Next management?
a. CXR in 4 hours
b. CXR in 24 hours
c. Oxygen
d. Intercostal catheter immediately
e. Intercostal catheter the next day
d. Intercostal catheter immediately
- Post lung biopsy a patient has a >50% volume pneumothroax and no midline shift. The patient is well. Next management?
a. CXR in 4 hours if less than 20%, then probably again the next day,
b. CXR in 24 hours
c. Oxygen and this
d. Intercostal catheter immediately
e. Intercostal catheter the next day
The development of tension pneumothorax or collapse greater than 20% should be treated with chest drainage.
- Young guy with a tubular structure parallel the right heart border. Most likely?
a. PAPVR
b. Bronchogenic cyst
c. Lung carcinoma
a. PAPVR
- Man with a cough has a 7mm solid, non-calcified and irregular nodule on NECT. Most appropriate next step?
a. Biopsy
b. 12 month follow-up
c. If stable over 30 months there is a <2% risk of malignancy
d. If it enhances >35 HU it has a 97% chance of malignancy
- Man with a cough has a 7mm solid, non-calcified and irregular nodule on NECT. Most appropriate next step?
a. Biopsy
b. 12 month follow-up non smoker – 6-12 and 18-24. Smoker 3-6, 9-12, 24.
c. If stable over 30 months there is a <2% risk of malignancy I think this is most correct.
d. If it enhances >35 HU it has a 97% chance of malignancy actually > 15HU good sensitivity but not so good specificity. Doubling time usually less than 400 days if malignant (except GG nodules)
*AJL - the answer above does not reflect the most recent fleicshner guidelines (2017).
Solitary solid node
<6mm - low risk (nothing), high risk (optional F/U at 12 months)
6-8mm - low risk and high risk (6-12/12 and 18-24/12 (optional low risk))
>8mm - 3/12 CT, PET or biopsy.
- Colpocephaly is classically associated with:
a. Holoprosencephaly
b. Dandy Walker malformation
c. Agenesis of the corpus callosum
d. Chiari I
e. Chiari II
c. Agenesis of the corpus callosum
- Typical appearance of a pilocytic astrocytoma?
a. Hyperdense mass in the cerebellar vermis
b. Hyperdense mass in the cerebellar hemisphere
c. Hypodense mass in the cerebellar vermis
d. Hypodense mass in the cerebellar hemisphere
e. Hypodense mass with an enhancing nodule in the cerebellar hemisphere.
e. Hypodense mass with an enhancing nodule in the cerebellar hemisphere.
- Middle aged patient with progressive lower limb weakness. MRI spine shows abnormal signal from C6-T7. Most likely diagnosis?
a. Transverse myelitis
b. Astrocytoma
c. Ependymoma
d. Metastasis
*AJL - Favours ependymoma
Difficult to distinguish between ependymoma, astrocytoma and TM on these details.
Astrocytoma spans an average of 4-7 segments (RP) and likely homogeneous signal abnormality.
Ependymoma is more likely in an adult and can have extensive oedema accounting for the long segment change but may be more heterogeneous signal abnormality.
TM is usually acute change.
I think given it’s progressive rather than acute and in an adult perhaps ependymoma is more likely (also favoured by a neuroradiologist).
I think the important thing is that we’ve all learnt something?
Previous answer…
a. Transverse myelitis
Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is an inflammatory condition affecting both halves of the spinal cord and associated with rapidly progressive motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction.It is mostly imaged with MRI, which generally shows a long segment (3-4 segments or more) of T2 increased signal occupying greater than two-thirds of the cross-sectional area of the cord, with variable pattern of enhancement and no diffusion restriction.
Cause:acute infection (most commonly viral)post-infection (ADEM )post-vaccination autoimmune (SLE, MS)systemic malignancy
Treatment and prognosis
Treatment of secondary ATM depends on the underlying cause. No treatment currently exists for idiopathic cases.One-third of patients recover with little or no sequelae, one-third are left with a moderate degree of permanent disability, and one-third are left with severe disabilities 3.
DDX:
- MS
- NMO
- ADEM
- infarct
- Lucent jaw lesion around the root of a tooth but not centred on it. Ill defined and non-expansile. Most likely?
a. Dentigerous cyst
b. Ameloblastoma
c. Odontoma
d. Metastasis
e. Radicular cyst
*LW:
Favouring radicular cyst
AJL agree. Ameloblastoma is usually more expansile and erodes roots.
**LJS - unsure. Mets have been chosen for this stem previously. Radicular cyst typically well circumscribed and centered on tooth. Age of pt would be useful for ?mets
Previous answer
Ameloblastoma?
- Facial bone fracture. Pyramidal in shape with base the teeth and apex the nasofrontal suture. Pterygoid plates and medial wall of the orbits involved.
a. Tripod fracture
b. Nasal ethmoidal fracture
c. Lefort 1
d. Lefort 2
e. Lefort 3
d. Lefort 2
- Midline chin lesion shows HU of -50 and 10. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Thyroglossal duct cyst
b. Dermoid
c. Epidermoid
d. Laryngoccele
b. Dermoid
- A renal lesion is increased T1, decreased T2 and shows no contrast enhancement. Most likely:
a. Angiomyolipoma
b. Proteinaceous cyst
c. Haemorrhagic cyst
d. Renal cell carcinoma
e. Oncocytoma
**LJS - Cyst containing proteinaceous fluid would be T1 high and T2 high
Haemorrhagic cyst with high T1 signal could have variable T2 depending on age of blood. Radiopedia says low T2 in haemorrhagic cyst –> hence favored answer is Haemorrhagic cyst
b. Proteinaceous cyst
Haemorrhagic cyst would be high T1 and T2
Differential for a low T2 renal lesion
- Fat poor AML
- Pap RCC
- Hemorrhagic cyst
- Watery diarrhoea, hypokalaemia and an enhancing lesion in the pancreas, most likely?
a. Insulinoma
b. Glucagonoma
c. Gastrinoma
d. VIPoma
e. Somatostatinoma
d. VIPoma
- MRI spine shows a epidural mass that is iso signal to CSF on T1 and T2 and there are vertebral anomalies. Most likely?
a. Epidermoid
b. Dermoid
c. Neurenteric cyst
d. Arachnoid cyst
*LW:
Neuroenteric systs usually intra dural extramedullary in location, ventrally located, usually thoracic.
Associated with vertebral anomalies (Klippel feil, hemi vertebrae, spina bifida)
Variable signal intensity on T1 and T2.
Arachnoid cyst, can be intra or extra dural, and can be associated with spina bifida, although vertebral anomalies generally uncommmon, following CSF signal intensity on T1 and T2.
so…..
I think incomplete recall, and question stem was aiming towards neuroenteric cyst, given vertebral anomalies component, and axial location may have been incompletely recalled.
c. Neurenteric cyst
- 5cm anal mass with ipsilateral inguinal lymph nodes (number not provided). What is the stage?
a. I
b. II
c. IIIA
d. IIIB
e. V
For this question the answer can only be 3a or 3c stage -> so answer is C (3a)
Can’t be 3b (T4NoMo)
Stage:
- 1 - T1No
- 2 - T2N0
- 3a T1-2N1M0
- 3b - T4N0M0
- 3c - T3N1M0 or T4N1M0
- 4 - met
Primary tumor (T)TX: primary tumor cannot be assessed T0: no evidence of primary tumor Tis: carcinoma in situ (Bowen disease, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL], anal intraepithelial neoplasia II-III (AIN II-III)
T1: tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension
T2: tumor >2 cm but <5 cm in greatest dimension
T3: tumor >5 cm in greatest dimension
T4: tumor of any size invades adjacent organ(s), e.g. vagina, urethra, bladder (note that direct invasion of the rectal wall, perirectal skin, subcutaneous tissue, or the sphincter muscle(s) is not classified as T4)
Regional lymph nodes (N)
Nx: regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0: no regional lymph node metastasis
N1: metastasis in regional lymph nodes
N1a: metastases in inguinal, mesorectal, and/or internal iliac lymph nodes
N1b: metastases in external iliac lymph nodes
N1c: metastases in external iliac and in inguinal, mesorectal, and/or internal iliac lymph nodes
Distant metastasis (M)
Mx: distant metastasis cannot be assessed
M0: no distant metastasis
M1: distant metastasisInvolvement of para-aortic or more distant lymph nodes is considered as M1.
- Young man kicked in the balls. Ultrasound shows diffuse abnormal reflectivity (did not specify high/low or vascularity) and an intact tunica albugenia. Most likely?
a. Testis fracture
b. Testis rupture
c. Haematoma
d. Torsion
c. Haematoma
- Young man kicked in the balls. Ultrasound shows diffuse abnormal reflectivity (did not specify high/low or vascularity) and an intact tunica albugenia. Most likely?
a. Testis fracture linear signal abnormality +/- disruption of the tunica.
b. Testis rupture must have disrupted tunica albuginea.
c. Haematoma
d. Torsion is associated with trauma. Avascular.
- Middle age female has an AXR for follow-up of renal stones. It shows sclerosis of the iliac side of the lower aspect of the sacro-iliac joints. Most likely diagnosis?
a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Psoriatic arthritis
c. Ankylosing spondylitits
d. Osteitis condensans ilii
d. Osteitis condensans ilii
Triangular, bilateral, normal joint space. Lower iliac bones only.
Sacroiliac joint- upper 1/3 fibrocartilaginous- lower 2/3 synovial
- Pain in forefoot. Hypoechogenic structure in the subcutaneous fat overlying the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsal heads. Most likely?
a. Morton’s neuroma
b. Intermetatarsal bursitis
c. MTP synovitis
d. Adventitial bursitis
e. Stress fracture
d. Adventitial bursitis. Only option that can be subcutaneous
ADventitial bursitis- occurs are area of friction- formed from coalescing fluid pockets which becomes well cirucmscribed with time. - superficial
- 15 year old boy fell off skateboard. X-ray of the wrist is least likely to show?
a. Soft tissue swelling over the dorsum of the wrist
b. Scaphoid fracture
c. Ulnar styloid fracture
d. Distal radius fracture - ?may have been epiphyseal fracture
e. Dorsal triquetrial fracture
dorsal triquetrum fracture - less common then scaphoid
- Vertebral end plates changes low T1 and high T2. Which could it not represent?
a. Ankylosing spondylitis
b. Modic type II changes
c. Pyogenic discitis
b. Modic type II changes
- Meconium aspiration CXR features:
a. Hyperinflation of the lung
b. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
c. Consolidation
a. Hyperinflation of the lung
- Newborn immigrant child without any antenatal scanning is cyanosed and collapsed. He is resuscitated and CXR shows increased pulmonary vascularity. The most likely condition is:
a. Tetralogy of Fallot
b. Transposition of the great arteries
c. Tricuspid atresia
d. Ventricular septal defect
e. Consolidation
b. Transposition of the great arteries
- CXR of a young patient shows hyperlucent left lung. CT scan shows complete tracheal rings and absent right pulmonary artery. Most likely?
a. Bronchial atresia
b. Pulmonary venolobar syndrome
c. Pulmonary agenesis
d. Swyer-James McLeod syndrome
e. Foreign body
*LW:
Complete tracheal rings are a rare, isolated tracheal or tracheobronchial anomaly resulting from abnormal cartilage growth, forming a complete ring and often causing airway stenosis.
Associated with:
- aberrant left pulmonary artery (pulmonary artery sling) in 35-50%
- >75% have associated oesophageal, cardiac, skeletal, and/or genitourinary anomalies
- congenital heart disease in 25%
- trisomy 21
Pulmonary aplasia: has ipsilateral absence of pulmonary artery, with contralateral hyper inflation. No mention about complete tracheal rings.
c. Pulmonary agenesis because of the absent PA? Not sure though.
- Obese female who is infertile and has previous ectopic pregnancy. Pelvic ultrasound shows a multilocular cystic mass. What is the most likely cause of her infertility?
a. Mucinous cystadenoma
b. Serous cystadenoma
c. Dermoid cyst
d. Tuboovarian abscess
e. Polycystic ovaries
e. Polycystic ovaries
*LW:
TOA could be also be included within this…
Stem same multilocular cystic mass (i.e. singular, PCOS usually bilateral), however obesity associated with PCOS.
Although there is stated ectopic risk with PCOS (but not in radiopedia or STATDx), ectopic more associated with PID - TOA….
So hopefully incomplete recall, as another discriminator between the two options of TOA and PCOS would be helpful…..but I would favour TOA
**LJS - agree with LW
