RBT

Question 1

What are the 3 principles of behavior?

Answer 1

1. Reinforcement
2. Punishment
3. Extinction

Question 2

What are the 4 functions of behavior?

Answer 2

SEAT
1. Sensory
2. Escape
3. Attention
4. Tangible

Question 3

Anecdotal Data

Answer 3

A method of descriptively recording the
behavior emitted by the learner, the response of
others, and information about the environment.

Question 4

Antecedent

Answer 4

What occurs before a behavior that then
influences behavior.

An environment or a stimulus change existing or
occurring prior to a behavior of interest.

Question 5

Applied Behavior Analysis

Answer 5

The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied systematically to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for behavior change.

The scientific study of principles of learning and behavior.

Question 6

How could you assist in
training stakeholders?

Answer 6

RBT can assist with training stakeholders by
giving them instruction, modeling, rehearsal,
and feedback with regard to behavioral skills
training.

Question 7

Attention Function

Answer 7

A function of behavior in which the individual is reinforced by receiving attention from others.

Question 8

Automatic Reinforcement

Answer 8

(AKA self-stimming) The behavior itself is
reinforcing and is not dependent on social
interaction or receiving a tangible item.

Question 9

Backward Chaining

Answer 9

Training begins the link with the last behavior in the
sequence.
Trainer performs all but the last step until the learner
masters the last step.
Then trainer performs all but the lasts two steps until
learner masters the last two steps and so on.

Question 10

Baseline Data

Answer 10

Data taken before an intervention takes place.
Describes the existing level of performance.

Question 11

Chaining

Answer 11

A specific sequence of discrete responses, each associated
with a particular stimulus condition.
When components are linked together, they form a chain
that produces a terminal outcome.

Question 12

Components of a Written
Behavior Plan

Answer 12

1. Identify, describe, create a goal for a behavior in observable terms.
2. Assess antecedent/consequence that may maintain behavior.
3. Identify hypothesis of function of behavior.
4. Identify possible replacement behaviors.
5. Select and implement antecedent/consequence based interventions.
6. Create crisis intervention plan.
7. Implementation, modification, generalization and maintenance
   procedures.

Question 13

Conditioned Response

Answer 13

A behavior that does not come naturally, but must be
learned by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with
an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 14

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association
with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response produced
by the unconditioned stimulus itself.

Question 15

Consequence

Answer 15

Events that follow behavior and may influence it including
increasing or decreasing it in the future.
May be reinforcers or punishers.

Question 16

Contingency

Answer 16

Refers to and if_____, then_____ relationship between a
behavior and a consequence.

Question 17

Continuous Reinforcement
Schedule

Answer 17

Providing reinforcement each time the
behavior/response occurs.

Question 18

Differential Reinforcement

Answer 18

Reinforcing one response class and withholding reinforcement
from another response class.
Behavior receiving reinforcement should increase while the
behavior for which reinforcement is being withheld should
decrease.

Question 19

Differential Reinforcement of
Alternative Behaviors
(DRA)

Answer 19

Focus on increasing a desirable alternative behavior that
directly or indirectly interferes with the performance of the
undesired target behavior.
(i.e. reinforce knitting or giving a self manicure instead of
biting nails; reinforce appropriate language instead of
punishing swearing at others)

Question 20

Differential Reinforcement of
Incompatible Behaviors
(DRI)

Answer 20

Similar to DRA but you choose and alternative behavior to
reinforce that, if performed, would be incompatible with the
undesired target behavior.
(i.e. playing nicely vs. fighting; on task behavior vs. off task
behavior; in seat vs. out of seat; deep breathing vs. yelling)

Question 21

Differential Reinforcement of
Low Rates
(DRL)

Answer 21

Entails reinforcing for reductions in the frequency of the
undesired behavior.
Often used when individual is engaging in a behavior too
frequently

Question 22

Differential Reinforcement of
Other Behaviors
(DRO)

Answer 22

Providing a reinforcer after a particular time frame
without the target behavior.
For example engaging in any other behavior except
the target behavior.
(i.e. every 5 minutes without hitting, individual
receives a sticker)

Question 23

Direct Observation
Preference Assessment

Answer 23

Identify what is motivating the individual.
The more time spent with an item, the stronger the
presumed preference

Question 24

Discrete Trial Training

Answer 24

Structured instructional methodology used to teach new
behaviors
Designed to maximize a learner’s potential by
presenting information in a three-part teaching unit.
Based on Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence format.
A - B - C (Stimulus - Response - Consequence)
Main objective is to teach children how to learn from
their natural environment and make learning reinforcing.

Question 25

Discrimination Training

Answer 25

Procedure to teach between two targets. Trial training using phases. (i.e. phases 1 - 6 Mass Trials of target, Block Trials, and Random Rotation)

Question 26

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

Answer 26

Environmental cue or instruction that signals that reinforcement is available for a target behavior.

Question 27

Duration Data

Answer 27

Data that is a calculation of the amount of time a behavior occurs. The amount of time a response is performed. Track from onset to offset. Typically used for behaviors that last too long or too short. (i.e. on task behavior, social interactions, engaging in stereotypy

Question 28

Echoic

Answer 28

A type of verbal operant that occurs when a speaker repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker. Occurs in response to other verbal behavior. Listener is "echoing" what they hear.

Question 29

Errorless Learning

Answer 29

Teaching procedures that are designed in such a way that the learning does not have to - and does not - make mistakes as she or he learns new information or procedures. DTT is Errorless Learning.

Question 30

Escape/Avoidance Function

Answer 30

A function of behavior to escape or avoid having to do something.

Question 31

Ethical

Answer 31

Pertaining to right and wrong in conduct. Being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice

Question 32

Extinction

Answer 32

Removal of reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior.

Question 33

Extinction Burst

Answer 33

Prior to the behavior decreasing you will see a temporary increase in behavior. Immediate increase in frequency in responding.

Question 34

Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 34

The first correct response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.

Question 35

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 35

Reinforcement should be delivered after a constant or "fixed" number of responses.

Question 36

Forward Chaining

Answer 36

Training begins the link with the first behavior in the sequence. Training only occurs on the steps currently mastered and current step (no training on steps after that).

Question 37

Frequency Data

Answer 37

A form of continuous measurement. Data in which you tally each time the behavior occurs. Typically used for behaviors with discrete beginning and ending points. Typically used for behaviors with discrete beginning and ending points. (i.e. throwing items, going to the gym, taking medicine, hitting another person) Most frequently used type of data collection

Question 38

Function

Answer 38

The purpose or meaning behind a behavior.

Question 39

Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

Answer 39

Putting one or more Functional Analysis together. Can consist of: - Direct observation - Interview - Functional analysis (experimental) - File Review In an FBA behavior plans must include replacement skills.

Question 40

Generalization

Answer 40

When the effort of reinforcement is extended beyond the conditions in which the training has taken place or to behaviors other than those included in training.

Question 41

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 41

Stimuli that have been paired with a variety of unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers. (i.e. praise, attention, money, tokens)

Question 42

Graphing

Answer 42

Graphing is a method of representing data in a visual way so that we can se patterns and direction over time. - Line Graph (most common) shows patterns, trends - Bar Graph shows portions of a whole - Pie Chart shows portions of a whole

Question 43

How to Prepare for Data Collection

Answer 43

1. Read data from last session 2. Prepare material and programs for current session based on data from last session. 3. Determine what programs you plan to work on during the session. 4. Gather materials for those programs. 5. Set up the first set of programs so they are ready for the client when you begin your session.

Question 44

Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 44

Reinforcement is delivered after only SOME of the desired responses occur.

Question 45

Mand

Answer 45

Short for demand, command or reprimand. A type of verbal operant in which a speaker asks for (or states, demands, implies, etc.) what he needs or wants. Only type of verbal operant that directly benefits the speaker b/c the mand allows the speaker to receive reinforcers.

Question 46

Momentary Time Sampling

Answer 46

Look up at the client immediately at pre-designated points and record whether the behavior occurred at that precise moment. Example: presence or absence of client's stereotypic behavior (stimming).

Question 47

Multiple Stimuli Without Replacement Preference Assessment

Answer 47

Chosen item is removed from the array, the order or replacement of the remaining items is rearranged, and the next trial begins with a reduced number of items in the array.

Question 48

Multiple Stimuli With Replacement Preference Assessment

Answer 48

Item chosen by the learner remains in the array and all other items that were not selected are replaced with new ones.

Question 49

Negative Punishment

Answer 49

The termination or removal of a stimulus immediately following behavior that results in a decrease of that behavior in the future. (i.e. taking away a toy when a child talks back; time out from positive reinforcement for yelling)

Question 50

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 50

Removal of an aversive event that follows a behavior ("relief") and increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue in the future. (i.e. cleaning your room and your mom stops nagging; hitting snooze on an alarm and the beeping stops; putting on your seatbelt and the dinging stops)

Question 51

Operant Behavior

Answer 51

Behavior that is controlled or influenced by consequences. Behavior whose future frequency is determined by a history of consequences

Question 52

Operant Conditioning

Answer 52

A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. Behavior followed by pleasant consequences tends to be repeated. Behavior followed by unpleasant consequences tends not to be repeated.

Question 53

Operational Definition

Answer 53

What does the behavior look like, what happens exactly, what does it sound like?

Question 54

Permanent Product Recording Procedures

Answer 54

A type of measurement used when the behavior you are assessing results in a lasting product or outcome. Example: number of written assignments completed

Question 55

Positive Punishment

Answer 55

Presentation of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus immediately following behavior that results in a decrease of that behavior in the future

Question 56

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 56

Pleasant or favorable event that follows a behavior - it is ADDED to the situation and increases the likelihood or probability that the behavior will occur in the future.

Question 57

Preference Assessment

Answer 57

Aims to identify an individual's favorite things so that they can be used as rewards or potential "reinforcers" for desired behavior.

Question 58

How to Prepare for Skill Acquisition Plan

Answer 58

1. Determine what occurred last session to decide where to start. 2. Select skill acquisition procedures to complete during session. 3. Prepare materials you will need for the skill acquisition (including data collection protocols).

Question 59

Professional Boundaries

Answer 59

Avoid dual relationships, conflicts of interest, social media contacts. Always take notes

Question 60

Prompt

Answer 60

Specific antecedent that directly facilitates performance of behavior. Assistance provided to engage in desired behavior or response.

Question 61

Prompt Fading

Answer 61

The gradual elimination of a stimulus prompt as the behavior continues to occur in the presence of the SD.

Question 62

Reinforcement

Answer 62

Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and INCREASES the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.

Question 62

Reinforcers

Answer 62

Pleasant events that follow a behavior that make behavior more likely to occur in the future. Reinforcers strengthen behavior.

Question 62

Prompt Hierarchy

Answer 62

The so called "pyramid" of the various levels of prompting. We need to establish a hierarchy of prompts from the least to most or most to least intrusive for each instructional task.

Question 63

Shaping

Answer 63

A process by which one systematically and differentially reinforces successive approximations to a terminal behavior.

Question 64

Stimulus Fading

Answer 64

Exaggerate some physical dimension of the relevant stimulus to help the individual respond correctly. Prompt is within the stimulus itself. Can be used for color or size determination.

Question 65

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 65

Generalization or transfer of a response to situations other than those in which the training takes place. Across people: The learner's ability to respond to people other than those involved in the original teaching Across environments: The learner's ability to respond in different locations other than the "table and chair"

Question 66

Tact

Answer 66

Short for contact. A type of verbal operant in which speaker names things and actions that the speaker had direct contact with through any of the sense modes.

Question 67

Tangible Function

Answer 67

A function of behavior in which the individual wants to obtain a tangible item. The individual wants a preferred item or activity

Question 68

Task Analysis

Answer 68

Involves breaking a complex skill into smaller, teachable units, the product of which is a series of sequentially ordered steps or tasks.

Question 69

Token Economies

Answer 69

Reinforcement systems in which tokens are earned for a variety of behaviors and are used to purchase or exchange for a variety of backup reinforcers such as food, activities, trips, toys.

Question 70

Transfer of Stimulus Control

Answer 70

Process by which prompts are removed once the target behavior is occurring in the presence of the SD.

Question 71

Unconditioned Response

Answer 71

A behavior that occurs naturally due to a given stimulus. i.e. Dogs salivating in the presence of food; yelping upon being bitten by an insect.

Question 72

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 72

A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response. i.e. Food is an unconditioned stimulus for a hungry animal and salivation is the unconditioned response.

Question 73

Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 73

Where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable (variable) amount of time has elapsed.

Question 74

Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 74

Reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable (variable) number of responses. This schedule is the most resistant to extinction.

Question 75

Verbal Behavior

Answer 75

Behavior that is reinforced through the mediation of another person's behavior. Involves a social interaction between speakers and listeners. Listener reinforces the speaker

Question 76

Whole Interval Recording

Answer 76

Did the behavior occur for the whole interval that you are looking for it? Underestimates the behavior. Example: the total time devoted to remaining on task.