RBT EXAM Flashcards

Question

25. Tilda finished her session after being supervised by her BCBA. During the session, she recorded data on a paper data collection sheet. While she was cleaning up, she spilled a cup of coffee all over her data sheet, making it completely illegible. What should Tilda do? Her company has strict policies regarding staff who fail to properly enter data at the end of a shift! A. Tilda should not record any data for that session – that would be unethical. No further action (such as contacting her supervisor) is necessary – if a supervisor sees no data collected, they automatically know that coffee was spilled on the paper data sheet due to their experience with coffee and paper in the past. B. Tilda should try her best to estimate the client’s performance on each skill target. After all, it wasn’t that long ago – she can probably remember everything alright. C. Tilda should notify her supervisor of the mishap and try to prevent such a fiasco in the future – perhaps by using mechanical or digital data collection systems. D. Tilda should submit the coffee-stained paper data sheet to her supervisor during the next supervision session and resign.

Answer 1

C. Tilda should notify her supervisor of the mishap and try to prevent such a fiasco in the future – perhaps by using mechanical or digital data collection systems.

Answer 2

A. Antecedent

Answer 3

D. Negative punishment

Answer 4

D. Consequence

Answer 5

B. CC (carbon copy) reveals the names of people who are receiving behavior analysis services without getting their consent first, which violates HIPPA, as revealing the name of someone receiving mental health services is protected healthcare information.

Answer 6

C. Technological

Answer 7

C. Most to least prompting

Answer 8

B. Shaping

Answer 9

A. Forward chaining

Answer 10

C. Least to most prompting

Answer 11

A. Total task presentation

Answer 12

B. Multiple stimulus without replacement

Answer 13

B. Functional behavior assessment

Answer 14

B. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

Answer 15

B. Differential reinforcement of lower rates of behavior

Answer 16

D. Differential reinforcement of higher rates of behavior

Answer 17

A. Grandma loves the slots in Vegas! On average, every 30th pull of the slot machine results in a small cash payout. Sometimes the payout occurs on the 15th pull… sometimes on the 45th… but, on average, payout occurs every 30 pulls on the slot machine. Grandma can’t wait to hit the jackpot someday!

Answer 18

B. Extinction

Answer 19

A. Task Analysis

Answer 20

C. The RBT needs to be supervised directly by a certified behavior analyst (BCaBA, BCBA, BCBA-D). The type of supervision and quantity are directly specified by the board.

Answer 21

C. You should know the responses and their response definitions that you will be measuring during your session. In addition, make sure you’re prepared to take data – clickers, notepaper and a pencil, whatever you need, make sure you have it!

Answer 22

A. Antecedent

Answer 23

B. Duration

Answer 24

D. Inter-response time

Answer 25

C. Partial Interval Recording

Answer 26

D. Conducting an analog or naturalistic functional analysis is usually considered the best way to identify function

Answer 27

B. Providing greater reinforcement for better approximations of a target behavior, and placing other behaviors on extinction or on a less desirable reinforcement schedule.

Answer 28

A. Functional communication training

Answer 29

B. Extinction

Answer 30

C. Extinction

Answer 31

A. Planned ignoring

Answer 32

C. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors

Answer 33

D. Pavlovian Conditioning

Answer 34

A. Sensory extinction

Answer 35

B. Reinforcement

Answer 36

A. Positive

Answer 37

A. Unconditioned

Answer 38

C. Secondary

Answer 39

C. Unconditioned

Answer 40

A. An abolishing operation (value decrease) of a reinforcer due to an organism being over-exposed to that stimulus

Answer 41

C. Data never decreases in a cumulative record; an increasing slope indicates occurrence of the target behavior, while a flat slope indicates periods of no occurrences of the target behavior

Answer 42

B. Negative reinforcement

Answer 43

B. Behavior momentum

Answer 44

A. 2 years after the working relationship ends

Answer 45

D. Report to BACB within 30 days

Answer 46

E. All of the above

Answer 47

B. Escape from demands presented by others (Socially Mediated Negative Reinforcement)

Answer 48

D. Frequency

Answer 49

C. Latency

Answer 50

C. A small child, who is the client of an RBT, offers the RBT a hand-made card, made from construction paper and way too much glitter, as a gift. The RBT readily accepts with a big smile on his face.

Answer 51

A. Objective, clear, concise, and complete description of a behavior of interest

Answer 52

D. Tact Tacts (labeling) is a verbal operant which is controlled by a nonverbal stimulus (such as an object, event, or property of an object) and is maintained by nonspecific (aka, "generalized") social reinforcement.

Answer 53

D. Objective, clear, concise, and complete description of a behavior of interest

Answer 54

B. All of these answers are correct! Verbal behavior is defined as the following: 1. Interaction between a communicator (doesn't have to be vocal) and an audience. 2. The audience reinforcers the behavior of the communicator 3. The function is of prime concern - the topography is secondary.

Answer 55

A. An SD There are at least two general types of antecedents, three if you count prompts: 1. SD: short for discriminative stimulus, and SD signals the availability of a reinforcer 2. MO: short for motivating operation, the MO alters the value of a consequence from moment to moment. There are two types of motivating operations: Establishing Operations and Abolishing Operations. 1. EO, or Establishing Operations, increase the value of a consequence 2. AO (Abolishing Operation) decreases the value of a consequence over time.

Answer 56

D. Inter-response Time Continuous measurement procedures include frequency (total event count), duration (total time), rate (frequency per unit time), IRT (time between responses), and latency (time between an antecedent stimuli and the occurrence of a specific response). Continuous measurement procedures record (or attempt to record...) each response in some fashion. This contrasts to discontinuous measurement procedures, which record the occurrence vs non-occurrence of a behavior at a certain moment in time or across an interval of time. Some examples of discontinue measurement procedures include momentary time sampling, partial interval recording, and whole interval recording.

Answer 57

B. Motivating Operation

Answer 58

B. Technological

Answer 59

B. Antecedent stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available for a given behavior

Answer 60

D. An echoic Echoics are, essentially, repeating the vocal speech of another person.

Answer 61

B. Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO) Preference Assessments can be used to identify the relative preference a person exhibits for various stimuli. It should be noted that preference does not imply reinforcing value, as the only true way to test if a given stimulus will function as a reinforcer is to directly test it through a contingency with some behavior of interest. Some types of preference assessments include: 1. Multiple Stimulus without Replacement (MSWO) 2. Multiple Stimulus WITH Replacement (MS) 3. Paired Stimulus 4. Free Operant

Answer 62

D. Tilda should notify her supervisor of the mishap and try to prevent such a fiasco in the future - perhaps by using mechanical or digital data collection systems.

Answer 63

D. Negative Reinforcement There are three types of consequences, generally speaking, for behavior: 1. Reinforcement: a stimulus that follows a behavior and causes that behavior to increase in probability over time 2. Punishment: a stimulus that follows a behavior and causes that behavior to decrease in probability over time 3. Extinction: a behavior that was previously being reinforced by a given stimulus no longer contacts that stimulus. Extinction is usually followed by an extinction burst - a "spike" along some dimension of a behavior, followed by a dramatic decrease in that behavior similar to the effect of punishment. Positive and Negative are terms used to refer to how the environment changes. Positive refers to adding a stimulus to the environment, whereas negative refers to removing a stimulus from the environment. There can be both positive and negative punishment and positive and negative reinforcement. It can be useful to think of "positive and negative" as the first names for a consequential operation, and "reinforcement and punishment" as the last names. When analyzing a scenario, first, think of whether a stimulus is being added or removed - this gives you the "first name" (either positive or negative). Next, identify if a behavior is increasing or decreasing - this will determine the "last name" (punishment or reinforcement).

Answer 64

A. The RBT cannot accept gifts from a family, even food in a "dinner time" context. Such gifts could promote dual relationships and cloud the RBT's professional judgement. When in doubt, always ask your supervisor!

Answer 65

A. A small child, who is the client of an RBT, offers the RBT a hand-made card, made from construction paper and way too much glitter, as a gift. The RBT readily accepts with a big smile on his face.

Answer 66

D. Permanent Product Permanent Product Measurement refers to collecting data on the real, concrete outcomes of a behavior. Permanent products can come in many forms - such as completed homework assignments, smoked cigarettes discarded in an ash tray, or clumps of hair found on the floor. For a behavior to be measured using permanent product recordings, the behavior must leave something behind following its occurrence. This is referred to as a product. This product must last long enough to be recorded by the observer, and be reasonably representative of each occurrence of the behavior. It is up to the analyst to decide, based off the outcome, whether the correlation between product and occurrence of behavior is high enough. For instance, in a scenario involving a cigarette smoker, it is conceivable that the smoker may learn to hide or conceal cigarette butts from observers. Deceptive behavior hinders the reliability of permanent products as a data collection tool. Permanent products are advantageous for a few reasons. Chiefly, they do not require an observe to constantly monitor the person engaging in the behavior of interest. Secondly, verification and scoring of the product can be done at a later date by an observer who may require training to score a permanent product effectively (for instance, collecting Zaner-Bloser data on handwriting legibility). Some disadvantages of permanent product recording is that it is possible for an individual to conceal their product, altering their score. It is also conceivable that other individuals in the environment might produce a similar product, confounding their result with the behavior of the person of interest.

Answer 67

B. Pavlovian Conditioning

Answer 68

C. Sensory, Escape, Attention, and Tangibles

Answer 69

B. Tangibles, a.k.a. stuff, like toys or snacks or even money What's the function? The Function of a behavior refers to the consequences that maintain it. Behavior is maintained by reinforcement, either positive (something added) or negative (something removed). Examples of positive reinforcement could include preferred toys, interaction with a favorite adult, etc. Examples of negative reinforcement could include the removal of requirements (such as chores), alleviation of a painful condition (such as an itchy bug bite), etc. Some common functions of behavior: A useful mnemonic device for remembering some basic functions: S.E.A.T. - Sensory: automatic behaviors that produce their own consequences, such as drinking from a cup, hand-flapping, twirling your hair, or reading this text - Escape: behaviors that get you away from something aversive, like plugging your ears when it's loud, putting a sweater on when it's cold, or asking your annoying sister to go away - Attention: behaviors that produce social reinforcement, such as playing checkers with your brother, having a chat with a friend, or getting a hug from a loved one. - Tangible: all the good stuff in the world, like soda, candy, iPads, Ferraris, money - the material wealth of the universe, huzzah for stuff!

Answer 70

C. Latency Continuous measurement procedures include frequency (total event count), duration (total time), rate (frequency per unit time), IRT (time between responses), and latency (time between an antecedent stimuli and the occurrence of a specific response). Continuous measurement procedures record (or attempt to record...) each response in some fashion. This contrasts to discontinuous measurement procedures, which record the occurrence vs non-occurrence of a behavior at a certain moment in time or across an interval of time. Some examples of discontinue measurement procedures include momentary time sampling, partial interval recording, and whole interval recording.

Answer 71

A. The provision of reinforcement for only for a specific response (or set of responses) and withholding or providing diminished reinforcement for undesired response(s)

Answer 72

A. Providing greater reinforcement for better approximations of a target behavior, and placing other behaviors on extinction or on a less desirable reinforcement schedule.

Answer 73

A. The RBT needs to be supervised directly by a certified behavior analyst (BCaBA, BCBA, BCBA-D). The type of supervision and quantity are directly specified by the board.

Answer 74

D. B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner was the pioneer who founded radical behaviorism, which can be distinguished from the methodological behaviorism that preceded it by its inclusion of thinking, feeling, and other private events in the analysis of animal behaviors. Some of the concepts to emerge from Skinner's work include: 1. The cumulative record 2. The S-R-S contingency or Operant Conditioning 3. The "Skinner Box" (or Operant Chamber)

Answer 75

B. Function, Form

Answer 76

C. Negative Punishment

Answer 77

C. Frequency Continuous measurement data collection systems capture every possible occurrence of a behavior of interest. Some of the benefits of continuous measurement systems is they capture every instance of the behavior, therefore, are much more accurate than discontinuous data collection systems. However, as you can imagine, it can be very burdensome to implement a continuous data collection system (such as a frequency count) for a behavior that is very high-rate or near constant. Similarly, if you are a teacher working in a classroom of twenty or thirty kids, constantly measuring the behavior of just one student while tending to the needs of all the others would be a real challenge! So while continuous measurement systems are excellent at providing a complete record of the behavior of interest, they are limited by the resources available - it might just not be possible or practical to require data collectors to count each incident of behavior in some way. Continuous measurement systems come in a variety of different common types, as follows: - Frequency - counting each individual event - Inter-Response Time - counting the time from the offset (end) of one response, to the onset (start) of the next response. - Duration - the number of seconds from the onset (start) of the response to the offset (end) of the response.

Answer 78

B. RBTs are responsible for their own ethical conduct. The RBT is liable. RBTs are required to be knowledgeable of the RBT Ethics code. Ignorance of the code does not excuse ethical violations.

Answer 79

D. Before the session, identify the behaviors of interest and their response definitions, and collect any required data-collection tools you might need for your session, such as clickers / notepad & pen / etc.

Answer 80

B. Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)

Answer 81

A. Conditioned Conditioned reinforcers gain their reinforcing properties through pairing with other conditioned or unconditioned reinforcers. Unconditioned reinforcers are things that satisfy a biological need, such as food, sleep, water, and other things that satisfy a biological homeostatic need. These are not learned - rather, our bodies are "hard-wired" to react to these stimuli as reinforcers due to their importance to the function of our bodies.

Answer 82

A. A therapist presents the same SD repeatedly to a student, prompting the same specific behavior trial after trial until 5 prompted correct consecutive trials occur. Mass trials involve the repeated presentation of the same SD (discriminative stimulus) with prompting provided if needed to evoke a specific response. This is frequently done to promote the acquisition of a condition discrimination by repeated exposure to a reinforcing contingency.

Answer 83

D. An intraverbal

Answer 84

C. Charts should be updated at least weekly, and you should make every effort to record data when you can while ensuring the welfare and safety of you and your client. There are two basic rules about recording and charting data: 1. Always attempt to record data as soon as possible - if not as it occurs. If this is not possible, you should consider changing your data collection to something more feasible! 2. Charting (graphing) should be done either the same day, or at least once a week. You can use online data collection tools, such as CentralReach or Catalyst (and that's just 2 among many great choices) to automatically graph your data as you collect it! You should always make your best effort to record data as it happens. To do this most effectively, one can use clickers, an app on a smart phone, or some other mechanical / digital tool to store data for you. If you work with clients who exhibit high frequency (or dangerous) behaviors, it can be challenging to provide for their safety while maintaining their safety and your safety.

Answer 85

B. Data never decreases in a cumulative record; an increasing slope indicates occurrence of the target behavior, while a flat slope indicates periods of no occurrences of the target behavior

Answer 86

B. Permanent Product Permanent products are the physical results of a behavior that can be counted to indicate some frequency or total count of behavior. For example, a chef might count the number of salads made by a cook during a dinner rush to determine that cook's rate of salad production. You could also count the number of cigarette butts in an ash tray to identify the number of cigarettes smoked by an adult, or the number of quiz questions written by Alex (to identify Alex's nightly productivity on his website www.aba.rocks). To be useful as an indirect measurement of behavior, each "product" should correspond to a countable dimension of a behavior of interest. Additionally, they should last a long enough time to be counted by the interested party. All behaviors produce physical change in the universe, but only some behaviors produce a "product" that corresponds uniquely to the countability of a discrete behavior in a desirable fashion AS WELL AS lasts long enough to be measured. For example, blowing bubbles produces a a very brief "permanent" product in that bubbles come out of the wand. However, if you tried to count the bubbles a few hours after the bubbles were blown, you're going to be scoring zeroes. Conversely, if you were counting "number of paintings painted" by student artists, you'd be able to check the gallery and, in all likelihood, the paintings would still be there and countable. Choosing the correct permanent product is important. Many businesses run into the issue of using permanent product measures to promote ethical practice. For example, a healthcare clinic may scramble to backdate and retroactively log supervision and client activity logs when they know an auditor will be visiting the next day. The auditor may be fooled, see the backdated logs and "count" them as proof that they have been following best practice all along. While unethical, this type of behavior can be used to "cheat" systems where contingencies are built around permanent products. If you use a permanent product system, be sure to be on the look out for such "cheating."

Answer 87

B. Sally observes for 30 minutes. Every 3 minutes, at that specific moment, Sally counts the number of students playing together vs. the number of students playing by themselves. At the end of the whole 30 minute observation period, Sally counts the percent of social engagement for all students by averaging the score on each interval. Discontinuous data collection refers to data that is taken off some sample of the behavior, not each and every instance of the behavior of interest. Continuous data collection refers to data that is taken on each and every instance of behavior. The following are common types of DISCONTINUOUS data collection: 1. Momentary Time Sampling - recording data (YES or NO) regarding the occurrence of a behavior at a specific moment in time. This means that if the behavior was occurring for the entirety of the interval, but just happened to briefly stop at the point in time in which we observe the behavior, we might still mark 'no.' This is one of the obvious drawbacks of this data collection scheme. One of the up-sides is that it's relatively resource un-intensive - a single data collector could easily take data on many individuals simultaneously without becoming too overloaded. 2. Partial Interval Recording - recording data (YES or NO) if the behavior occurs for any part of a given interval. For example, if the behavior occurs for 1 second or for the entire interval, you would still score it as a single "yes" for that interval. As a result, this type of recording tends to over-estimate behavior, which may be a good thing, depending on what you're trying to measure. For example, if you're teaching someone not to bite their teachers, even 1 second of biting could be pretty painful and disruptive. Therefore, you'd be happy with overestimation as it would help guide treatment decisions in the right direction. 3. Whole Interval Recording - recording data (YES or NO) if the behavior occurs for the ENTIRETY of an observation interval. For example, if the behavior occurs for 59 seconds out of a 60 second observation interval, you would not score that interval! That seems pretty arbitrary, but it has its benefits - imagine a scenario where you are attempting to take data on many learners who are supposed to be working on independent work. These same learners must raise their hand if they'd like to get up from their table work. You could easily task a single teacher with taking WIR data on 5 or even 10 kids, and if you're interested in seeing an increase in their in-seat, on-task behavior, this would be a conservative measure of those behaviors -- a graph with a score of 100% would truly represent mastery, as even a single second of out-of-seat behavior would cost them an entire interval's score!

Answer 88

A. A client makes a valentine's day card out of some construction paper and marker and gives it to her therapist, who is an RBT. The RBT, of course, accepts the card with gratitude.

Answer 89

C. Behavioral

Answer 90

C. An abolishing operation (value decrease) of a reinforcer due to an organism being over-exposed to that stimulus

Answer 91

A. Positive Punishment There are three types of consequences, generally speaking, for behavior: 1. Reinforcement: a stimulus that follows a behavior and causes that behavior to increase in probability over time 2. Punishment: a stimulus that follows a behavior and causes that behavior to decrease in probability over time 3. Extinction: a behavior that was previously being reinforced by a given stimulus no longer contacts that stimulus. Extinction is usually followed by an extinction burst - a "spike" along some dimension of a behavior, followed by a dramatic decrease in that behavior similar to the effect of punishment. Positive and Negative are terms used to refer to how the environment changes. Positive refers to adding a stimulus to the environment, whereas negative refers to removing a stimulus from the environment. There can be both positive and negative punishment and positive and negative reinforcement. It can be useful to think of "positive and negative" as the first names for a consequential operation, and "reinforcement and punishment" as the last names. When analyzing a scenario, first, think of whether a stimulus is being added or removed - this gives you the "first name" (either positive or negative). Next, identify if a behavior is increasing or decreasing - this will determine the "last name" (punishment or reinforcement).

Answer 92

A. A boy requests cookies, is given some, and then eats them! (Yum)

Answer 93

D. Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO)

Answer 94

C. Task Analysis

Answer 95

B. The delay between a stimulus and a given response Response latency refers to the delay between a specific stimulus and a response.

Answer 96

C. RBTs must request supervision from a BCBA familiar with that population. RBTs must refrain from working with groups they are unfamiliar with.` RBT Ethics Code 3.04 - RBTs may not practice with new client populations without proper training and oversight. The RBT must restrict their work to populations they are trained to work with, and with whom they have (and continue to receive) regular supervision from a board certified behavior analyst while they are providing behavioral therapy. This ensures the RBT provides competent care with respect to the unique challenges and considerations that may be endemic to groups of people who may request behavioral intervention, such as children with autism, individuals with traumatic brain injury, or persons who have developmental disability.

Answer 97

A. Conducting an analog or naturalistic functional analysis is usually considered the best way to identify function

Answer 98

A. Supervise behavior technicians and RBTs working with clients and provide mentorship to other BCaBAs Some Things BCaBAs Do: In many agencies, the BCaBA provides the role of supporting and supervising RBTs. They will monitor the performance of the RBTs and others implementing behavioral services. They can also assist BCBAs in developing a client's plan, performing assessments, and providing other behavioral services. They cannot independently develop a client's plan. Some Things BCaBAs Can't Do: A BCaBA cannot supervise BCBAs, and is not able to supervise other BCaBAs - however, they can provide mentorship for other BCaBAs. An example could be a BCaBA requesting mentorship (guidance) when working with a new client population (e.g., they switch from EIBI to geriatric clientele) and they request the guidance of another BCaBA. This mentorship will not count towards their supervision requirement. As of this writing in Summer 2019, all new BCaBAs must receive supervision from a BCBA for at least 5% of their direct service hours for the first year of their practice, and 2% after that. They also must receive oversight on any programs they develop during that time.

Answer 99

C. Generality n 1968, Baer, Wolf, & Risley formalized definitions for what "Applied Behavior Analysis" is, as a science. This was the first article in the very first journal dedicated to the study of Applied Behavior Analysis, formally.Their original article can be found online, for free, on the government's NCBI website for the journal of applied behavior analysis (If you're asking yourself "should I bother to read that?", the answer is yes, you should!). Their seven "dimensions" (aka, "defining characteristics") of ABA are as follows: * Applied: Applied interventions deal with problems of demonstrated social importance. * Behavioral: Applied interventions deal with measurable behavior (or reports if they can be validated). * Analytic: Applied interventions require an objective demonstration that the procedures caused the effect. * Technological: Applied interventions are described well enough that they can be implemented by anyone with training and resources. * Conceptual Systems: Applied interventions arise from a specific and identifiable theoretical base rather than being a set of packages or tricks. * Effective: Applied interventions produce strong, socially important effects. * Generality: Applied interventions are designed from the outset to operate in new environments and continue after the formal treatments have ended.

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RBT EXAM Flashcards

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