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RBT EXAM > RBT EXAM > Flashcards

RBT EXAM Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is a multiple relationship?

A. Working with two clients at the same time
B. Working with two different clients
C. Having two different relationships with one client
D. Working with a client in the community and clinic settings

A

C. Having two different relationships with one client

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2
Q
  1. Which of the following is part of the RBT ethical code?

A. Be compassionate for the less fortunate
B. Be truthful and honest
C. Resolve all issues formally
D. If there is an issue, file a formal complaint immediately

A

B. Be truthful and honest

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3
Q
  1. A client gives you a bottle opener from their birthday party. What does the ethical code say you should do?

A. Refuse the gift and send a letter home that forbids future gifting.
B. Accept and use in front of them to make them feel good.
C. Politely decline and explain to them/ their parents the nature of your professional relationship.
D. Throw it away immediately.

A

C. Politely decline and explain to them/ their parents the nature of your professional relationship.

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4
Q
  1. What should you do if you are arrested for a minor marijuana charge?

A. Report to BACB within 24 hours
B. Do not report; this is not a fireable offense and your credential with remain in tact
C. Provide 2 weeks notice to employer
D. Report to BACB within 30 days

A

D. Report to BACB within 30 days

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5
Q
  1. Which is considered confidential information per the BACB ethical code?

A. Information about a client that can be found online
B. Information about the people that RBT works with
C. Written records
D. Electronic records
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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6
Q
  1. If you are not providing direct ABA services and are having a fun Friday, what should you do?

A. Do not make reference to, display, or otherwise use your RBT
B. Explain to parents that ABA was being performed under their RBT credential
C. Display your RBT certificate when requested
D. Bill since you have the RBT credential

A

A. Do not make reference to, display, or otherwise use your RBT

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7
Q
  1. Your supervisor requests that you work with a new client who has behaviors you have never encountered. What should you do?

A. Refuse as you lack experience in this type of behavior
B. Request more training from supervising BCBA
C. Accept since you are contractually obligated
D. Politely decline

A

B. Request more training from supervising BCBA

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8
Q
  1. Which antecedent increases or decreases the value of a consequence?

A. Abolishing Operation
B. Establishing Operation
C. Motivating Operation
D. SD

A

C. Motivating Operation

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9
Q
  1. You are recording the time it takes from the presentation of the demand (Sd) to the first instance of behavior. What are you measuring?

A. Frequency
B. Duration
C. Latency
D. Inter-response time

A

C. Latency

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10
Q
  1. How long the behavior occurs refers to what measurement dimension?

A. Duration
B. Momentary time sampling
C. Latency
D. Tally/ Count

A

A. Duration

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11
Q
  1. John is recording data on aggression by counting the number of scratches left on his body after a session. What kind of measurement is this?

A. Duration
B. Time sampling
C. Continuous measurement
D. Permanent product

A

D. Permanent product

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12
Q
  1. Escape, attention, tangible, sensory

A. Functions of behavior
B. Teaching strategies
C. Types of prompts
D. Dimensions of ABA

A

A. Functions of behavior

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13
Q
  1. Determined by ABC Data

A. Prompt level
B. Duration
C. Function
D. Inter-response time

A

C. Function

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14
Q
  1. The breakdown of a task into its individual components and steps.

A. Discrete trial
B. Forward chaining
C. Stimulus control
D. Task analysis

A

D. Task analysis

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15
Q
  1. Signals that reinforcement is available.

A. Sd
B. Sdelta
C. SR-
D. VR-3

A

A. Sd

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16
Q
  1. Examples are food, water, sex, sleep.

A. Secondary reinforcement
B. Primary reinforcement
C. Sd
D. Consequence of behavior

A

B. Primary reinforcement

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17
Q
  1. Examples are money and tokens.

A. Primary reinforcement
B. Secondary reinforcement
C. Economic reinforcement
D. Fiscal considerations

A

B. Secondary reinforcement

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18
Q
  1. Increases the future likelihood of behavior.

A. Punishment
B. Motivation
C. Rewards
D. Reinforcement

A

D. Reinforcement

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19
Q
  1. Adding a stimulus which increases the future likelihood of behavior.

A. Positive reinforcement
B. Positive punishment
C. Negative reinforcement
D. Negative punishment

A

A. Positive reinforcement

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20
Q
  1. Verbal behavior with point-to-point correspondence.

A. Mand
B. Tact
C. Intraverbal
D. Echoic

A

D. Echoic

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21
Q
  1. Removing a stimulus which decreases the future likelihood of behavior.

A. Positive reinforcement
B. Positive punishment
C. Negative reinforcement
D. Negative punishment

A

D. Negative punishment

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22
Q
  1. Reinforcement is delivered on the average of every 2 minutes in which the behaviors occur.

A. FI-2
B. FR-2
C. VI-2
D. VR-2

A

C. VI-2

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23
Q
  1. What are the four functions of behavior?

A. Toys, Edibles, Praise, and Aversion
B. Sensory, Escape, Attention, and Tangibles
C. Sensory Overload, Non-Compliance, Aggression, and Compliance
D. Automatic Sensory, Automatic Positive, and Social Negative

A

B. Sensory, Escape, Attention, and Tangibles

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24
Q
  1. Verbal behavior of requesting

A. Mand
B. Tact
C. Echoic
D. Intraverbal

A

A. Mand

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25
Q
  1. Tilda finished her session after being supervised by her BCBA. During the session, she recorded data on a paper data collection sheet. While she was cleaning up, she spilled a cup of coffee all over her data sheet, making it completely illegible.

What should Tilda do? Her company has strict policies regarding staff who fail to properly enter data at the end of a shift!

A. Tilda should not record any data for that session – that would be unethical. No further action (such as contacting her supervisor) is necessary – if a supervisor sees no data collected, they automatically know that coffee was spilled on the paper data sheet due to their experience with coffee and paper in the past.
B. Tilda should try her best to estimate the client’s performance on each skill target. After all, it wasn’t that long ago – she can probably remember everything alright.
C. Tilda should notify her supervisor of the mishap and try to prevent such a fiasco in the future – perhaps by using mechanical or digital data collection systems.
D. Tilda should submit the coffee-stained paper data sheet to her supervisor during the next supervision session and resign.

A

C. Tilda should notify her supervisor of the mishap and try to prevent such a fiasco in the future – perhaps by using mechanical or digital data collection systems.

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26
Q
  1. What occurs before the behavior?

A. Antecedent
B. Response
C. Behavior
D. Consequence

A

A. Antecedent

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27
Q
  1. Removing a stimulus which decreases the future likelihood of behavior.

A. Positive reinforcement
B. Positive punishment
C. Negative reinforcement
D. Negative punishment

A

D. Negative punishment

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28
Q
  1. Example, “do this.”

A. Sd
B. DRA
C. Sdelta
D. SR+

A

A. Sd

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29
Q
  1. What occurs after the behavior?

A. Antecedent
B. Behavior
C. Response
D. Consequence

A

D. Consequence

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30
Q
  1. Tammy is a BCBA working at a behavior analysis clinic. She is creating a flyer for an exciting workshop event at her clinic, and wants to share it with all the families currently receiving behavior analysis services, so she mass emails (cc – carbon copy) the entire roster of active patients at her facilty.

What, if anything, is wrong with this situation?

A. This is fine and permitted by the BACB, within reason.
B. CC (carbon copy) reveals the names of people who are receiving behavior analysis services without getting their consent first, which violates HIPPA, as revealing the name of someone receiving mental health services is protected healthcare information.
C. Generally speaking, behavior analysis is not a “medical” field and therefore not required to respect privacy as federally mandated by the HIPAA act. However, this type of behavior is considered somewhat “unclassy.”
D. Sam should avoid sending out mass emails, as it’s very tacky

A

B. CC (carbon copy) reveals the names of people who are receiving behavior analysis services without getting their consent first, which violates HIPPA, as revealing the name of someone receiving mental health services is protected healthcare information.

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31
Q
  1. Tim, a BCBA, always writes his procedures in clear and concise terms so that his staff (and families, too!) can easily understand what is meant by his procedures. He provides complete and full definitions, and avoids using overly specific jargon when the person(s) who will be reading or implementing his procedures are laypersons.
    Of the 7 Dimensions of ABA (as originally described by Baer, D., Wolf, M., & Risley, R., 1968), which of the following does the above most closely describe?

A. Applied
B. Behavioral
C. Technological
D. Conceptually Systematic

A

C. Technological

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32
Q
  1. Start with most intrusive prompt.

A. Forward chaining
B. Backwards chaining
C. Most to least prompting
D. Least to most prompting

A

C. Most to least prompting

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33
Q
  1. Reinforcing gradual changes in behavior.

A. Chaining
B. Shaping
C. Prompting
D. Reinforcing

A

B. Shaping

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34
Q
  1. Teaching a task analysis by teaching the first step first.

A. Forward chaining
B. Prompting
C. Backwards chaining
D. Fading

A

A. Forward chaining

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35
Q
  1. Start with least intrusive prompt.

A. Forward chaining
B. Backwards chaining
C. Least to most prompting
D. Most to least prompting

A

C. Least to most prompting

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36
Q
  1. Teaching the entire task analysis at once

A. Total task presentation
B. Single task presentation
C. Discriminative stimulus
D. Forward chaining

A

A. Total task presentation

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37
Q
  1. Reinforcement provided on the average of every 5 correct responses

A. VR-5
B. VI-5
C. FR-5
D. FI-5

A

A. VR-5

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38
Q
  1. Reinforcement provided every 2 minutes in which behavior occurred.

A. VI-2
B. VR-2
C. FR-2
D. FI-2

A

D. FI-2

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39
Q
  1. Reinforcement provided every 10 minutes that behavior occurs.

A. FI-10
B. FR-10
C. VI-10
D. VR-10

A

A. FI-10

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40
Q
  1. MSWO

A. Multiple stimulus with replacement
B. Multiple stimulus without replacement
C. Multiple stimulus with operates
D. Multiple settings with replacement

A

B. Multiple stimulus without replacement

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41
Q
  1. FBA

A. Free behavior assessment
B. Functional behavior assessment
C. Function of behavior analysis
D. Freudian behavior assessment

A

B. Functional behavior assessment

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42
Q
  1. You provide reinforcement to your client for clapping, and ignore him when he hits.

A. Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
B. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
C. Differential reinforcement for lower rats of behavior
D. Differential reinforcement of other behavior

A

B. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

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43
Q
  1. Reinforcing progressively lower response rates.

A. Differential reinforcement of higher rates of behavior
B. Differential reinforcement of lower rates of behavior
C. Differential reinforcement of other behavior
D. Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

A

B. Differential reinforcement of lower rates of behavior

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44
Q
  1. Reinforcing progressively increasing rates of behavior.

A. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
B. Differential reinforcement of other behavior
C. Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
D. Differential reinforcement of higher rates of behavior

A

D. Differential reinforcement of higher rates of behavior

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45
Q
  1. Which of the following examples below is an example of a VARIABLE RATIO schedule of reinforcement?

A. Grandma loves the slots in Vegas! On average, every 30th pull of the slot machine results in a small cash payout. Sometimes the payout occurs on the 15th pull… sometimes on the 45th… but, on average, payout occurs every 30 pulls on the slot machine. Grandma can’t wait to hit the jackpot someday!
B. Every time Billy screams, his mother punishes him by taking away his toys for the night
C. Tim gives his students a treat from the candy jar every time they get a 100% on their tests
D. Individuals who pass the RBT exam are given a $50 bonus on their next pay check at ACME ABA company.

A

A. Grandma loves the slots in Vegas! On average, every 30th pull of the slot machine results in a small cash payout. Sometimes the payout occurs on the 15th pull… sometimes on the 45th… but, on average, payout occurs every 30 pulls on the slot machine. Grandma can’t wait to hit the jackpot someday!

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46
Q
  1. Withholding reinforcement for a target response

A. Variable reinforcement
B. Extinction
C. Punishment
D. Reinforcement schedule

A

B. Extinction

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47
Q
  1. Sometimes, behavior analysts will break down a complex chain of behaviors into smaller discrete steps to facilitate teaching.

The learner will then be taught to complete the steps in their logical order, with the completion of the previous step serving as the reinforcer for that step and the discriminative stimulus (SD) for the next step. Finally, the last step in the chain (terminal step) serves as the reinforcer for the whole chain.

What is this called?

A. Task Analysis
B. Task Step
C. Task Endurance
D. Task Sequence
E. A Recipe
A

A. Task Analysis

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48
Q
  1. An experienced RBT supervises other RBTs at work, due to a shortage of board certified assistant (BCaBA) and board-certified behavior analysts (BCBAs).

What, if any, ethical consideration exists here?

A. As long as the RBT is being supervised by a behavior analyst, there is no ethical concern here.
B. There is no ethical concern here – this is standard practice, as mandated by the BACB.
C. The RBT needs to be supervised directly by a certified behavior analyst (BCaBA, BCBA, BCBA-D). The type of supervision and quantity are directly specified by the board.
D. As long as the RBT practices lots of the free quizzes on this awesome website, they should be fine.

A

C. The RBT needs to be supervised directly by a certified behavior analyst (BCaBA, BCBA, BCBA-D). The type of supervision and quantity are directly specified by the board.

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49
Q
  1. You’re about to start a session with a client. What do you need to do to be sure you’re ready to have a successful session (at the very minimum)?

A. You can probably just wing it. You’re pretty good at this, after all, and your memory is amazing.
B. A cup of coffee is all anyone really needs – if anyone tells you elsewise, they’re a liar or a tea-drinker.
C. You should know the responses and their response definitions that you will be measuring during your session. In addition, make sure you’re prepared to take data – clickers, notepaper and a pencil, whatever you need, make sure you have it!
D. Before the session, conduct a functional behavioral assessment and an informal preference assessment. Following that, draft a treatment plan while the client plays with an iPad.

A

C. You should know the responses and their response definitions that you will be measuring during your session. In addition, make sure you’re prepared to take data – clickers, notepaper and a pencil, whatever you need, make sure you have it!

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50
Q
  1. What happens before/ immediately precedes behavior in data collection is known as the…

A. Antecedent
B. Motivation Operation
C. Preceding Stimulus
D. Setting event

A

A. Antecedent

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51
Q
  1. How long a tantrum behavior occurs, how long it takes a client to do homework; what type of data collection is this?

A. Frequency
B. Duration
C. Inter-response time
D. Latency

A

B. Duration

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52
Q
  1. Time between two successive responses.

A. Frequency
B. Duration
C. Intensity
D. Inter-response time

A

D. Inter-response time

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53
Q
  1. Record a + if behavior occurred at any point during the interval.

A. Momentary Time Sampling
B. Duration per Occurrence
C. Partial Interval Recording
D. Partial Interview Recording

A

C. Partial Interval Recording

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54
Q
  1. When attempting to assess the function of a client’s behavior, what is often considered the “gold standard” for experimentally identifying function?

A. Ask yourself, “What are the A-B-C’s for this behavior?” Sketch it out, and write a functional response definition for the behavior and proceed with treatment. Trust your intuition!
B. Watch the behavior of interest occur in the natural environment; that should be sufficient.
C. Free operant or multiple stimulus assessment
D. Conducting an analog or naturalistic functional analysis is usually considered the best way to identify function

A

D. Conducting an analog or naturalistic functional analysis is usually considered the best way to identify function

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55
Q
  1. Select the best definition for differential reinforcement, from the choices below:

A. A stimulus that, when presented following a behavior, causes an overall INCREASE in that behavior over time.
B. Providing greater reinforcement for better approximations of a target behavior, and placing other behaviors on extinction or on a less desirable reinforcement schedule.
C. A stimulus that signals the availability of a reinforcer.
D. A stimulus that, when presented following a behavior, causes an overall DECREASE in that behavior over time.

A

B. Providing greater reinforcement for better approximations of a target behavior, and placing other behaviors on extinction or on a less desirable reinforcement schedule.

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56
Q
  1. A little boy is playing with his toys in his room. Holding one of his stuffed animal dolls, he looks at it and says “Zebra!”

Which elementary verbal operant does this scenario most likely describe?

A. Intraverbal
B. Echoic
C. Autoclitic
D. Tact

A

D. Tact

57
Q
  1. Teaching communication to replace problem behaviors.

A. Functional communication training
B. FIT
C. Differential reinforcement of other behaviors
D. FR-3 schedule of reinforcement

A

A. Functional communication training

58
Q
  1. What occurs when reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is no longer provided, resulting in the decrease of frequency of the behavior in the future?

A. Endangerment
B. Extinction
C. Pivotal Response Training
D. Negative reinforcement

A

B. Extinction

59
Q
  1. For a child who is always picked up when they cry, not picking them up in the future would be an example of…?

A. Escape
B. Elopement
C. Extinction
D. Negative reinforcement

A

C. Extinction

60
Q
  1. Which type of extinction procedure has the individual simply giving no outward signs or response to a behavior, such as eye contact, verbal/ physical responses?

A. Planned ignoring
B. Escape extinction
C. Functional communication training
D. Positive reinforcement

A

A. Planned ignoring

61
Q
  1. A child is taught to raise their hand as an alternative to yelling out in class. Which type of differential reinforcement does this example represent?

A. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors
B. Differential reinforcement of lower rates of behavior
C. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors
D. Differential reinforcement of other behaviors

A

C. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors

62
Q
  1. Classical conditioning is also commonly referred to as…

A. Reflex Reaction
B. Operant Conditioning
C. Learning
D. Pavlovian Conditioning

A

D. Pavlovian Conditioning

63
Q
  1. For a child who is scratching his skin, extinction can be used by the child wearing a glove, preventing the contact of the sensory stimulation that comes from scratching the skin. Which type of extinction does this represent?

A. Sensory extinction
B. Escape extinction
C. Attention extinction
D. Functional communication training

A

A. Sensory extinction

64
Q
  1. A neutral stimulus can become conditioned by pairing this stimulus with an unconditioned or previously conditioned stimulus. True or false?

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

65
Q
  1. The sign being illuminated at your favorite restaurant says “open.” The open sign signals the availability of stopping, as it indicates that the behavior of going into the restaurant will be reinforced by the delivery of food. What type of stimulus is this an example of?

A. Sd
B. Sdelta
C. Ds
D. SR+

A

A. Sd

66
Q
  1. This follows a response and increases the probability of that response occurring again in the future.

A. Punishment
B. Reinforcement
C. Consequence
D. Stimulus

A

B. Reinforcement

67
Q
  1. Adding something that will motivate a person to increase the likelihood that they will engage in the target behavior again. What type of reinforcement is this?

A. Positive
B. Negative
C. Continuous
D. Discontinuous

A

A. Positive

68
Q
  1. Food is an example of what type of reinforcer?

A. Unconditioned
B. Conditioned
C. Negative
D. Positive

A

A. Unconditioned

69
Q
  1. Money is an example of what type of reinforcement?

A. Negative
B. Unconditioned
C. Secondary
D. Primary

A

C. Secondary

70
Q
  1. Extremely bright lights, freezing temperature, electric shock are all examples of which punisher?

A. Conditioned
B. Unknown
C. Unconditioned
D. Secondary

A

C. Unconditioned

71
Q
  1. Satiation is a term that refers to what?

A. An abolishing operation (value decrease) of a reinforcer due to an organism being over-exposed to that stimulus
B. An establishing operation (value increase) of a reinforcer due to it’s scarcity
C. A stimulus that is aversive or non-preferred
D. To be at capacity or over-supplied

A

A. An abolishing operation (value decrease) of a reinforcer due to an organism being over-exposed to that stimulus

72
Q
  1. Which of the following is true about cumulative records?

A. Trends in a cumulative record can include a positive (increasing) and negative (decreasing) slope
B. A combination of all frequency scores into a single “master score index” used in statistical analysis to compare frequency charts for different types of radical behaviors
C. Data never decreases in a cumulative record; an increasing slope indicates occurrence of the target behavior, while a flat slope indicates periods of no occurrences of the target behavior
D. Data is recorded once per session; downward slopes indicate a decreasing trend

A

C. Data never decreases in a cumulative record; an increasing slope indicates occurrence of the target behavior, while a flat slope indicates periods of no occurrences of the target behavior

73
Q
  1. Removing something that increases the future likelihood of behavior is called…

A. Negative punishment
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Positive punishment
D. Positive reinforcement

A

B. Negative reinforcement

74
Q
  1. Present 5 easy/ mastered tasks in quick succession immediately before presenting an acquisition target.

A. Behavior modification
B. Behavior momentum
C. Behavior inertia
D. Functional community training.

A

B. Behavior momentum

75
Q
  1. Is exaggerating covered by the RBT ethical code?

A. Yes
B. No

A

B. No

76
Q
  1. How much time needs to pass before entering a relationship with a client or supervisor?

A. 2 years after the working relationship ends
B. 6 months after the working relationship ends
C. 1 month, as long as a personal relationship is established
D. Never

A

A. 2 years after the working relationship ends

77
Q
  1. What should you do if you are arrested for a minor marijuana charge?

A. Report to BACB within 24 hours
B. Do not report; this is not a fireable offense and your credential with remain in tact
C. Provide 2 weeks notice to employer
D. Report to BACB within 30 days

A

D. Report to BACB within 30 days

78
Q
  1. When working with a client, whose preferences should take priority?

A. Parent
B. Teacher
C. BCBA
D. Client

A

D. Client

79
Q
  1. If you become aware that a client’s legal rights are being violated, which of the following actions should you take?
A. Contact relevant authorities
B. Follow organization’s policies
C. Document efforts to address the matter
D. Consult with your supervisor
E. All of the above
A

E. All of the above

80
Q
  1. Sally is an RBT working with a client named Jim. Jim tends to scream and bite his arm forcefully when presented with his token board, and sometimes when Sally opens up her laptop. Sally almost never opens up her laptop unless she’s about to ask Jim to do some of his table work activities.

What do you think the most likely function of Jim’s behavior is?

A. Sensory Overload
B. Escape from demands presented by others (Socially Mediated Negative Reinforcement)
C. Access to Tangibles, such as preferred Items & activities (Socially Mediated Positive Reinforcement)
D. Escape from a painful stimulus, such as a headache! (Automatically Mediated Negative Reinforcement)

A

B. Escape from demands presented by others (Socially Mediated Negative Reinforcement)

81
Q
  1. You are asked to collect data on aggression. Every time your learner aggresses, you click the tally counter. What are you measuring?

A. Duration
B. Duration per occurrence
C. Latency
D. Frequency

A

D. Frequency

82
Q
  1. You are recording the time it takes from the presentation of the demand (Sd) to the first instance of behavior. What are you measuring?

A. Frequency
B. Duration
C. Latency
D. Inter-response time

A

C. Latency

83
Q
  1. For every third correct response, you deliver a preferred edible. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A. FR-3
B. FI-3
C. VR-3
D. VI-3

A

A. FR-3

84
Q
  1. Which of the following is the LEAST unethical decision?

A. An RBT working with a family on community skills goals in a shopping mall is offered a gift by the family once they conclude their shopping trip. The RBT accepts the gift.
B. A family is going on vacation and wants to bring their RBT along to help their child work on goals while on vacation. The RBT can’t afford the trip, so the family decides to pay for their trip in order to bring them along. The RBT agrees, as this is a valid business expense.
C. A small child, who is the client of an RBT, offers the RBT a hand-made card, made from construction paper and way too much glitter, as a gift. The RBT readily accepts with a big smile on his face.
D. A mechanic, who is the father of a child receiving behavioral services from an RBT, notices the RBT is having trouble starting her car. He offers to help her fix it at his shop for free. The RBT is grateful, and accepts the gift from the client’s father.

A

C. A small child, who is the client of an RBT, offers the RBT a hand-made card, made from construction paper and way too much glitter, as a gift. The RBT readily accepts with a big smile on his face.

85
Q
  1. Response definitions, sometimes also referred to as operational definitions or behavior definitions, refer to a …

A. Objective, clear, concise, and complete description of a behavior of interest
B. Use laymans terms to explain to parents what type of function the behavior most likely possesses
C. Describe only the function of the behavior of interest
D. Provide a subjective, comfortable description of the behavior of interest

A

A. Objective, clear, concise, and complete description of a behavior of interest

86
Q

Which of the following verbal operants is a label or name for a non-verbal discriminative stimulus and is maintained by generalized reinforcement?

A. Intraverbal
B. Mand
C. Listener Response
D. Tact

A

D. Tact

Tacts (labeling) is a verbal operant which is controlled by a nonverbal stimulus (such as an object, event, or property of an object) and is maintained by nonspecific (aka, “generalized”) social reinforcement.

87
Q

Response definitions, sometimes also referred to as operational definitions or behavior definitions, refer to a …

A. Describe only the function of the behavior of interest
B. Provide a subjective, comfortable description of the behavior of interest
C. Use laymans terms to explain to parents what type of function the behavior most likely possesses
D. Objective, clear, concise, and complete description of a behavior of interest

A

D. Objective, clear, concise, and complete description of a behavior of interest

88
Q

A boy looks up at the sky and sees a bird. He says, “A bird!” What type of verbal operant the boy’s vocalization (“a bird”) most likely an example of?

A. A tact
B. An intraverbal
C. A mand
D. An echoic

A

A. A tact

89
Q

Which of the following are examples of verbal behavior?

A. Sign Language
B. All of these answers are correct!
C. Talking
D. Using PECs

A

B. All of these answers are correct!

Verbal behavior is defined as the following:

  1. Interaction between a communicator (doesn’t have to be vocal) and an audience.
  2. The audience reinforcers the behavior of the communicator
  3. The function is of prime concern - the topography is secondary.
90
Q

Billy sees a sign for a gas station and gasoline has typically been available in the past when Billy sees a sign for a gas station. What type of antecedent is the sight of the gas station sign?

A. SD
B. AO
C. EO
D. Positive Reinforcement

A

A. An SD

There are at least two general types of antecedents, three if you count prompts:

  1. SD: short for discriminative stimulus, and SD signals the availability of a reinforcer
  2. MO: short for motivating operation, the MO alters the value of a consequence from moment to moment.

There are two types of motivating operations: Establishing Operations and Abolishing Operations.

  1. EO, or Establishing Operations, increase the value of a consequence
  2. AO (Abolishing Operation) decreases the value of a consequence over time.
91
Q

Which of the following is a continuous measurement procedure?

A. Whole Interval
B. Momentary Time sample
C. Partial Interval
D. Inter-response Time

A

D. Inter-response Time

Continuous measurement procedures include frequency (total event count), duration (total time), rate (frequency per unit time), IRT (time between responses), and latency (time between an antecedent stimuli and the occurrence of a specific response).

Continuous measurement procedures record (or attempt to record…) each response in some fashion. This contrasts to discontinuous measurement procedures, which record the occurrence vs non-occurrence of a behavior at a certain moment in time or across an interval of time. Some examples of discontinue measurement procedures include momentary time sampling, partial interval recording, and whole interval recording.

92
Q

Which antecedent increases or decreases the value of a consequence?

A. Establishing Operation
B. Motivating Operation
C. Abolishing Operation
D. SD

A

B. Motivating Operation

93
Q

Tim, a BCBA, always writes his procedures in clear and concise terms so that his staff (and families, too!) can easily understand what is meant by his procedures. He provides complete and full definitions, and avoids using overly specific jargon when the person(s) who will be reading or implementing his procedures are laypersons.
Of the 7 Dimensions of ABA (as originally described by Baer, D., Wolf, M., & Risley, R., 1968), which of the following does the above most closely describe?

A. Behavioral
B. Technological
C. Applied
D. Conceptually Systematic

A

B. Technological

94
Q

What verbal operant refers to asking for or requesting things, is under the control of an MO, and is maintained by specific reinforcement (i.e., the things the person is requesting)?

A. Mand
B. Intraverbal
C. Tact
D. Listener Response

A

A. Mand

95
Q

An SD can be best described as a…

A. Antecedent stimulus that assists a client in engaging in a desired behavior
B. Antecedent stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available for a given behavior
C. Consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future
D. Consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future

A

B. Antecedent stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available for a given behavior

96
Q

Cathy says “stop copying me!” and her little brother, Billy, repeats “Stop copying me!” Generally speaking, this is most closely an example of which type of verbal operant?

A. An intraverbal
B. A mand
C. A tact
D. An echoic

A

D. An echoic

Echoics are, essentially, repeating the vocal speech of another person.

97
Q

Preference assessments are formal methods to identify the relative preference an individual exhibits for multiple stimuli when that same person is unable to simply express preferences verbally. Which of the following is a common method for generating a ranked list/hierarchy for a person’s preference for various stimuli?

A. Guided Choice Assessment (GCA)
B. Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO)
C. Many Stimulus (MS)
D. Free Choice (FC)

A

B. Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO)

Preference Assessments can be used to identify the relative preference a person exhibits for various stimuli. It should be noted that preference does not imply reinforcing value, as the only true way to test if a given stimulus will function as a reinforcer is to directly test it through a contingency with some behavior of interest.

Some types of preference assessments include:

  1. Multiple Stimulus without Replacement (MSWO)
  2. Multiple Stimulus WITH Replacement (MS)
  3. Paired Stimulus
  4. Free Operant
98
Q

Tilda finished her session after being supervised by her BCBA. During the session, she recorded data on a paper data collection sheet. While she was cleaning up, she spilled a cup of coffee all over her data sheet, making it completely illegible. What should Tilda do? Her company has strict policies regarding staff who fail to properly enter data at the end of a shift!

A. Tilda should not record any data for that session - that would be unethical. No further action (such as contacting her supervisor) is necessary - if a supervisor sees no data collected, they automatically know that coffee was spilled on the paper data sheet due to their experience with coffee and paper in the past.
B. Tilda should try her best to estimate the client’s performance on each skill target. After all, it wasn’t that long ago - she can probably remember everything alright.
C. Tilda should submit the coffee-stained paper data sheet to her supervisor during the next supervision session and resign.
D. Tilda should notify her supervisor of the mishap and try to prevent such a fiasco in the future - perhaps by using mechanical or digital data collection systems.

A

D. Tilda should notify her supervisor of the mishap and try to prevent such a fiasco in the future - perhaps by using mechanical or digital data collection systems.

99
Q

When a stimulus is REMOVED from the environment, and the behavior of interest INCREASES OVER TIME, this is referred to as what type of operant contingency?

A. Positive Reinforcement
B. Positive Punishment
C. Negative Punishment
D. Negative Reinforcement

A

D. Negative Reinforcement

There are three types of consequences, generally speaking, for behavior:

  1. Reinforcement: a stimulus that follows a behavior and causes that behavior to increase in probability over time
  2. Punishment: a stimulus that follows a behavior and causes that behavior to decrease in probability over time
  3. Extinction: a behavior that was previously being reinforced by a given stimulus no longer contacts that stimulus. Extinction is usually followed by an extinction burst - a “spike” along some dimension of a behavior, followed by a dramatic decrease in that behavior similar to the effect of punishment.

Positive and Negative are terms used to refer to how the environment changes. Positive refers to adding a stimulus to the environment, whereas negative refers to removing a stimulus from the environment. There can be both positive and negative punishment and positive and negative reinforcement. It can be useful to think of “positive and negative” as the first names for a consequential operation, and “reinforcement and punishment” as the last names. When analyzing a scenario, first, think of whether a stimulus is being added or removed - this gives you the “first name” (either positive or negative). Next, identify if a behavior is increasing or decreasing - this will determine the “last name” (punishment or reinforcement).

100
Q

An RBT is working with a client on community skills, such as eating at a table. One day, the family asks the RBT if they could practice their child’s skills in the community at a local restaurant. They offer to pay for her meal after asking her if she can come along. What, if any, is the most relevant ethical consideration here?

A. The RBT cannot accept gifts from a family, even food in a “dinner time” context. Such gifts could promote dual relationships and cloud the RBT’s professional judgement. When in doubt, always ask your supervisor!
B. The RBT should consider any cultural practices related to the food prior to the feel to ensure she does not offend the family. She should contact her BCBA for training first.
C. There is no extra additional ethical concern here - the family is covering a needed work expense for the RBT, as it would be improper for her to attend without eating anything herself.
D. The RBT should offer to pay for the entire family’s meal as a sign of good faith and to help promote the idea that behaviorists are generous people.

A

A. The RBT cannot accept gifts from a family, even food in a “dinner time” context. Such gifts could promote dual relationships and cloud the RBT’s professional judgement. When in doubt, always ask your supervisor!

101
Q

Todd is walking down main street. To his right, he sees a sign that says “Hot & Fresh Donuts.” In the past, that sign has typically correlated with an increased availability of donuts (hot and fresh ones, at that!)
What type of antecedent is the hot & fresh donuts sign?

A. Response Reinforcer
B. An SD
C. Positive Reinforcement
D. An MO

A

B. An SD

102
Q

Which of the following is the LEAST unethical decision?

A. A small child, who is the client of an RBT, offers the RBT a hand-made card, made from construction paper and way too much glitter, as a gift. The RBT readily accepts with a big smile on his face.
B. A mechanic, who is the father of a child receiving behavioral services from an RBT, notices the RBT is having trouble starting her car. He offers to help her fix it at his shop for free. The RBT is grateful, and accepts the gift from the client’s father.
C. An RBT working with a family on community skills goals in a shopping mall is offered a gift by the family once they conclude their shopping trip. The RBT accepts the gift.
D. A family is going on vacation and wants to bring their RBT along to help their child work on goals while on vacation. The RBT can’t afford the trip, so the family decides to pay for their trip in order to bring them along. The RBT agrees, as this is a valid business expense.

A

A. A small child, who is the client of an RBT, offers the RBT a hand-made card, made from construction paper and way too much glitter, as a gift. The RBT readily accepts with a big smile on his face.

103
Q

Bill is working as a paraprofessional in a classroom of twenty five children. He is very busy! A BCBA working for the school recently asked him if he could take data on a student’s fingernail “hoarding.” More specifically, a student in his class will chew his fingernails and then store them in his pencil case or in the compartment of his desk. Since Bill is so busy, he offered to take data on the real or object outcomes of the behavior - in this case, at the end of the day, Bill will clean the student’s desk and count any fingernail clippings he finds there (and make a note if he observes any hoarding occurring away from the desk). In this scenario, what type of data collection is Bill using?

A. Total Product Count
B. Frequency
C. Objective Outcome
D. Permanent Product

A

D. Permanent Product

Permanent Product Measurement refers to collecting data on the real, concrete outcomes of a behavior. Permanent products can come in many forms - such as completed homework assignments, smoked cigarettes discarded in an ash tray, or clumps of hair found on the floor.

For a behavior to be measured using permanent product recordings, the behavior must leave something behind following its occurrence. This is referred to as a product. This product must last long enough to be recorded by the observer, and be reasonably representative of each occurrence of the behavior. It is up to the analyst to decide, based off the outcome, whether the correlation between product and occurrence of behavior is high enough. For instance, in a scenario involving a cigarette smoker, it is conceivable that the smoker may learn to hide or conceal cigarette butts from observers. Deceptive behavior hinders the reliability of permanent products as a data collection tool.

Permanent products are advantageous for a few reasons. Chiefly, they do not require an observe to constantly monitor the person engaging in the behavior of interest. Secondly, verification and scoring of the product can be done at a later date by an observer who may require training to score a permanent product effectively (for instance, collecting Zaner-Bloser data on handwriting legibility).

Some disadvantages of permanent product recording is that it is possible for an individual to conceal their product, altering their score. It is also conceivable that other individuals in the environment might produce a similar product, confounding their result with the behavior of the person of interest.

104
Q

Classical conditioning is also commonly referred to as…

A. Reflex Reaction
B. Pavlovian Conditioning
C. Learning
D. Operant Conditioning

A

B. Pavlovian Conditioning

105
Q

What are the four functions of behavior?

A. Toys, Edibles, Praise, and Aversion
B. Automatic Sensory, Automatic Positive, and Social Negative
C. Sensory, Escape, Attention, and Tangibles
D. Sensory Overload, Non-Compliance, Aggression, and Compliance

A

C. Sensory, Escape, Attention, and Tangibles

106
Q

Sal the salary man goes to his job every day, getting a paycheck every 2 weeks. Day in, day out, Sal goes in to work, earning his money and steadily accruing cash. If he misses a day, there is a small deduction in his salary for the “time missed” and he also loses money on commissions he could have earned that day, so Sal never misses a day - it’s important to him to maximize the money he earns! He spends the money on gadgets and has a snazzy top-of-the-line phone, which he is constantly bragging about to his friends. What might be the function of the client’s GOING TO WORK behavior?

A. Automatic Reinforcement a.k.a. “Sensory”
B. Tangibles, a.k.a. stuff, like toys or snacks or even money
C. Attention from others, or socially mediated reinforcement
D. Escape or avoidance

A

B. Tangibles, a.k.a. stuff, like toys or snacks or even money

What’s the function?
The Function of a behavior refers to the consequences that maintain it. Behavior is maintained by reinforcement, either positive (something added) or negative (something removed). Examples of positive reinforcement could include preferred toys, interaction with a favorite adult, etc. Examples of negative reinforcement could include the removal of requirements (such as chores), alleviation of a painful condition (such as an itchy bug bite), etc.

Some common functions of behavior:
A useful mnemonic device for remembering some basic functions: S.E.A.T.

  • Sensory: automatic behaviors that produce their own consequences, such as drinking from a cup, hand-flapping, twirling your hair, or reading this text
  • Escape: behaviors that get you away from something aversive, like plugging your ears when it’s loud, putting a sweater on when it’s cold, or asking your annoying sister to go away
  • Attention: behaviors that produce social reinforcement, such as playing checkers with your brother, having a chat with a friend, or getting a hug from a loved one.
  • Tangible: all the good stuff in the world, like soda, candy, iPads, Ferraris, money - the material wealth of the universe, huzzah for stuff!
107
Q

Kaley, a BCaBA, is working with a young child who is learning to make his own lunch. She is collecting data on how long it takes from when she says “Go make your lunch” for him to initiate opening up his lunchbox and cooking his microwaveable meal. Over the course of several meals, she collects the following data: Trial #1: 28s Trial #2: 37s Trial #3: 48s Trial #4: 17s Trial #5: 30s
What type of data collection is Kaley using by measuring the time between an antecedent stimulus and the onset of a target response?

A. Duration
B. Frequency
C. Latency
D. Inter-response Time

A

C. Latency

Continuous measurement procedures include frequency (total event count), duration (total time), rate (frequency per unit time), IRT (time between responses), and latency (time between an antecedent stimuli and the occurrence of a specific response).

Continuous measurement procedures record (or attempt to record…) each response in some fashion. This contrasts to discontinuous measurement procedures, which record the occurrence vs non-occurrence of a behavior at a certain moment in time or across an interval of time. Some examples of discontinue measurement procedures include momentary time sampling, partial interval recording, and whole interval recording.

108
Q

Which of the following describes differential reinforcement?

A. The provision of reinforcement for only for a specific response (or set of responses) and withholding or providing diminished reinforcement for undesired response(s)
B. A chain of behaviors where each step’s completion is the SD for the next step in the behavior chain
C. An increase in behavior over time as the result of a contingent stimulus
D. The discontinuing of reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior

A

A. The provision of reinforcement for only for a specific response (or set of responses) and withholding or providing diminished reinforcement for undesired response(s)

109
Q

Select the best definition for differential reinforcement, from the choices below:

A. Providing greater reinforcement for better approximations of a target behavior, and placing other behaviors on extinction or on a less desirable reinforcement schedule.
B. A stimulus that, when presented following a behavior, causes an overall INCREASE in that behavior over time.
C. A stimulus that signals the availability of a reinforcer.
D. A stimulus that, when presented following a behavior, causes an overall DECREASE in that behavior over time.

A

A. Providing greater reinforcement for better approximations of a target behavior, and placing other behaviors on extinction or on a less desirable reinforcement schedule.

110
Q

An experienced RBT supervises other RBTs at work, due to a shortage of board certified assistant (BCaBA) and board-certified behavior analysts (BCBAs). What, if any, ethical consideration exists here?

A. The RBT needs to be supervised directly by a certified behavior analyst (BCaBA, BCBA, BCBA-D). The type of supervision and quantity are directly specified by the board.
B. As long as the RBT is being supervised by a behavior analyst, there is no ethical concern here.
C. As long as the RBT practices lots of the free quizzes on this awesome website, they should be fine.
D. There is no ethical concern here - this is standard practice, as mandated by the BACB.

A

A. The RBT needs to be supervised directly by a certified behavior analyst (BCaBA, BCBA, BCBA-D). The type of supervision and quantity are directly specified by the board.

111
Q

A little boy is playing with his toys in his room. Holding one of his stuffed animal dolls, he looks at it and says “Zebra!” Which elementary verbal operant does this scenario most likely describe?

A. Intraverbal
B. Echoic
C. Tact
D. Autoclitic

A

C. Tact

112
Q

Who is the founder of Radical Behaviorism?

A. John Watson
B. Lindsey Ogden
C. El Cid
D. B.F. Skinner

A

D. B.F. Skinner

B.F. Skinner was the pioneer who founded radical behaviorism, which can be distinguished from the methodological behaviorism that preceded it by its inclusion of thinking, feeling, and other private events in the analysis of animal behaviors.

Some of the concepts to emerge from Skinner’s work include:

  1. The cumulative record
  2. The S-R-S contingency or Operant Conditioning
  3. The “Skinner Box” (or Operant Chamber)
113
Q

Skinner described Verbal Behavior according to _________ over _________.

A. Form, Function
B. Function, Form
C. Negative Reinforcement, Positive Reinforcement
D. Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement

A

B. Function, Form

114
Q

Mrs. Susan has two sons, Tim and Tom, who are both identical twins. The boys rough house and fist-fight a lot, and she does not know what to do with them. Soon, Mrs. Susan makes a new rule: every time the boys rough house or fist-fight, if she catches them, she will take away 15 minutes from their video game play time that day. After a few days, she notices that the boys stop fist-fighting and rough housing (at least, around her). What type of consequence is the removal of video game time which Mrs. Susan observes decreases the behavior of fist-fighting or rough-housing over time?

A. Positive Punishment
B. Negative Reinforcement
C. Negative Punishment
D. Positive Reinforcement

A

C. Negative Punishment

115
Q

Which of the following is a type of CONTINUOUS data collection method?

A. Single Interval
B. Whole Interval
C. Frequency
D. Counting

A

C. Frequency

Continuous measurement data collection systems capture every possible occurrence of a behavior of interest. Some of the benefits of continuous measurement systems is they capture every instance of the behavior, therefore, are much more accurate than discontinuous data collection systems. However, as you can imagine, it can be very burdensome to implement a continuous data collection system (such as a frequency count) for a behavior that is very high-rate or near constant. Similarly, if you are a teacher working in a classroom of twenty or thirty kids, constantly measuring the behavior of just one student while tending to the needs of all the others would be a real challenge!

So while continuous measurement systems are excellent at providing a complete record of the behavior of interest, they are limited by the resources available - it might just not be possible or practical to require data collectors to count each incident of behavior in some way.

Continuous measurement systems come in a variety of different common types, as follows:

  • Frequency - counting each individual event
  • Inter-Response Time - counting the time from the offset (end) of one response, to the onset (start) of the next response.
  • Duration - the number of seconds from the onset (start) of the response to the offset (end) of the response.
116
Q

An RBT unwittingly commits an ethical violation when working at a clinic. Who is liable for this breach of conduct?

A. RBTs are supervised by BCBAs. BCBAs are exclusively responsible for the conducts of their supervises. The BCBA is liable for the RBT’s conduct.
B. RBTs are responsible for their own ethical conduct. The RBT is liable.

A

B. RBTs are responsible for their own ethical conduct. The RBT is liable.

RBTs are required to be knowledgeable of the RBT Ethics code. Ignorance of the code does not excuse ethical violations.

117
Q

When getting ready to collect behavior data, which of the following choices could be something you do to ensure you are well prepared and do a good job?

A. You need to know the client’s name
B. A cup of coffee is all anyone really needs - if anyone tells you else wise, they’re a liar or a tea-drinker.
C. You can probably just wing it. You’re pretty good at this, after all, and your memory is amazing.
D. Before the session, identify the behaviors of interest and their response definitions, and collect any required data-collection tools you might need for your session, such as clickers / notepad & pen / etc.

A

D. Before the session, identify the behaviors of interest and their response definitions, and collect any required data-collection tools you might need for your session, such as clickers / notepad & pen / etc.

118
Q

Which of the following is an example of DISCONTINUOUS data collection?

A. Rate
B. Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)
C. A piece of measuring tape, cut in half
D. Frequency

A

B. Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)

119
Q

Reinforcers that acquire their reinforcing properties through pairing with another reinforcer are known as…

A. Conditioned
B. Unconditioned
C. Paired Items
D. Positive Reinforcers

A

A. Conditioned

Conditioned reinforcers gain their reinforcing properties through pairing with other conditioned or unconditioned reinforcers.

Unconditioned reinforcers are things that satisfy a biological need, such as food, sleep, water, and other things that satisfy a biological homeostatic need. These are not learned - rather, our bodies are “hard-wired” to react to these stimuli as reinforcers due to their importance to the function of our bodies.

120
Q

Which of the following is an example of MASS TRIALS?

A. A therapist presents the same SD repeatedly to a student, prompting the same specific behavior trial after trial until 5 prompted correct consecutive trials occur.
B. A scientist mass produces hundreds of samples of a new chemical during a clinical trial
C. A teacher presents a worksheet to a student with 100 problems on it and says “You have 5 minutes. Do your best!”
D. A teacher runs through dozens of multiplication drills with their students

A

A. A therapist presents the same SD repeatedly to a student, prompting the same specific behavior trial after trial until 5 prompted correct consecutive trials occur.

Mass trials involve the repeated presentation of the same SD (discriminative stimulus) with prompting provided if needed to evoke a specific response. This is frequently done to promote the acquisition of a condition discrimination by repeated exposure to a reinforcing contingency.

121
Q

Tommy walks up to Sally and says “Hey, do you know the time?” and Sally responds, “It is 3 o’clock!” Sally’s verbal behavior, in this instance, would be best classified as a what type of operant?

A. A mand
B. A tact
C. An echoic
D. An intraverbal

A

D. An intraverbal

122
Q

What is considered “best practice” when it comes to updating graphs and collecting data regarding behaviors measured during the day?

A. Record behavior data immediately, even at risk to the client’s welfare / safety AND make sure you update the chart at the same time!
B. Try your best to estimate the client’s behavior and record and chart your best estimate at the end of your session.
C. Charts should be updated at least weekly, and you should make every effort to record data when you can while ensuring the welfare and safety of you and your client.
D. Data should be recorded weekly, and graphs should be generated at least monthly

A

C. Charts should be updated at least weekly, and you should make every effort to record data when you can while ensuring the welfare and safety of you and your client.

There are two basic rules about recording and charting data:
1. Always attempt to record data as soon as possible - if not as it occurs. If this is not possible, you should consider changing your data collection to something more feasible!

  1. Charting (graphing) should be done either the same day, or at least once a week. You can use online data collection tools, such as CentralReach or Catalyst (and that’s just 2 among many great choices) to automatically graph your data as you collect it!

You should always make your best effort to record data as it happens. To do this most effectively, one can use clickers, an app on a smart phone, or some other mechanical / digital tool to store data for you. If you work with clients who exhibit high frequency (or dangerous) behaviors, it can be challenging to provide for their safety while maintaining their safety and your safety.

123
Q

Which of the following is true about cumulative records?

A. Trends in a cumulative record can include a positive (increasing) and negative (decreasing) slope
B. Data never decreases in a cumulative record; an increasing slope indicates occurrence of the target behavior, while a flat slope indicates periods of no occurrences of the target behavior
C. A combination of all frequency scores into a single “master score index” used in statistical analysis to compare frequency charts for different types of radical behaviors
D. Data is recorded once per session; downward slopes indicate a decreasing trend

A

B. Data never decreases in a cumulative record; an increasing slope indicates occurrence of the target behavior, while a flat slope indicates periods of no occurrences of the target behavior

124
Q

Sam is working with a client who engages in problem behavior during math class. Sam’s client, Bob, is now working on math problem accuracy which Sam presumes may help decrease this problematic behavior. Due to time limitations, during therapy sessions, Sam does not have time to grade the math problems immediately - he does this work off-site using Bob’s completed math worksheets as physical records of their behavior. In behavior analysis, the term for a physical records left behind following a behavior, used as an indirect measurement of that behavior is…

A. Recording
B. Permanent Product
C. Reinforcer
D. Cumulative Record

A

B. Permanent Product

Permanent products are the physical results of a behavior that can be counted to indicate some frequency or total count of behavior. For example, a chef might count the number of salads made by a cook during a dinner rush to determine that cook’s rate of salad production. You could also count the number of cigarette butts in an ash tray to identify the number of cigarettes smoked by an adult, or the number of quiz questions written by Alex (to identify Alex’s nightly productivity on his website www.aba.rocks).

To be useful as an indirect measurement of behavior, each “product” should correspond to a countable dimension of a behavior of interest. Additionally, they should last a long enough time to be counted by the interested party.

All behaviors produce physical change in the universe, but only some behaviors produce a “product” that corresponds uniquely to the countability of a discrete behavior in a desirable fashion AS WELL AS lasts long enough to be measured.

For example, blowing bubbles produces a a very brief “permanent” product in that bubbles come out of the wand. However, if you tried to count the bubbles a few hours after the bubbles were blown, you’re going to be scoring zeroes. Conversely, if you were counting “number of paintings painted” by student artists, you’d be able to check the gallery and, in all likelihood, the paintings would still be there and countable.

Choosing the correct permanent product is important. Many businesses run into the issue of using permanent product measures to promote ethical practice. For example, a healthcare clinic may scramble to backdate and retroactively log supervision and client activity logs when they know an auditor will be visiting the next day. The auditor may be fooled, see the backdated logs and “count” them as proof that they have been following best practice all along. While unethical, this type of behavior can be used to “cheat” systems where contingencies are built around permanent products. If you use a permanent product system, be sure to be on the look out for such “cheating.”

125
Q

Which of the following best describes momentary time sampling as a data collection method?

A. Sally counts the total number of times a student says “Hello, my name is Earl” in a pre-school circle time setting.
B. Sally observes for 30 minutes. Every 3 minutes, at that specific moment, Sally counts the number of students playing together vs. the number of students playing by themselves. At the end of the whole 30 minute observation period, Sally counts the percent of social engagement for all students by averaging the score on each interval.
C. Sally records the delay from the onset of the SD for a specific behavior and the emergence of the response she’s interested in as part of a functional analysis procedure.
D. Sally records the duration of tantrum behavior and then averages it against other tantrum behavior that day. At the end of the day, she charts that average as a representation for that day’s performance.

A

B. Sally observes for 30 minutes. Every 3 minutes, at that specific moment, Sally counts the number of students playing together vs. the number of students playing by themselves. At the end of the whole 30 minute observation period, Sally counts the percent of social engagement for all students by averaging the score on each interval.

Discontinuous data collection refers to data that is taken off some sample of the behavior, not each and every instance of the behavior of interest.
Continuous data collection refers to data that is taken on each and every instance of behavior.
The following are common types of DISCONTINUOUS data collection:

  1. Momentary Time Sampling - recording data (YES or NO) regarding the occurrence of a behavior at a specific moment in time. This means that if the behavior was occurring for the entirety of the interval, but just happened to briefly stop at the point in time in which we observe the behavior, we might still mark ‘no.’ This is one of the obvious drawbacks of this data collection scheme. One of the up-sides is that it’s relatively resource
    un-intensive - a single data collector could easily take data on many individuals simultaneously without becoming too overloaded.
  2. Partial Interval Recording - recording data (YES or NO) if the behavior occurs for any part of a given interval. For example, if the behavior occurs for 1 second or for the entire interval, you would still score it as a single “yes” for that interval. As a result, this type of recording tends to over-estimate behavior, which may be a good thing, depending on what you’re trying to measure. For example, if you’re teaching someone not to bite their teachers, even 1 second of biting could be pretty painful and disruptive. Therefore, you’d be happy with overestimation as it would help guide treatment decisions in the right direction.
  3. Whole Interval Recording - recording data (YES or NO) if the behavior occurs for the ENTIRETY of an observation interval. For example, if the behavior occurs for 59 seconds out of a 60 second observation interval, you would not score that interval! That seems pretty arbitrary, but it has its benefits - imagine a scenario where you are attempting to take data on many learners who are supposed to be working on independent work. These same learners must raise their hand if they’d like to get up from their table work. You could easily task a single teacher with taking WIR data on 5 or even 10 kids, and if you’re interested in seeing an increase in their in-seat, on-task behavior, this would be a conservative measure of those behaviors – a graph with a score of 100% would truly represent mastery, as even a single second of out-of-seat behavior would cost them an entire interval’s score!
126
Q

Which of the following scenarios would be the LEAST unethical decision to make?

A. A client makes a valentine’s day card out of some construction paper and marker and gives it to her therapist, who is an RBT. The RBT, of course, accepts the card with gratitude.
B. An RBT has been working with a family for years. One day, her car breaks down. The client’s concerned family, who own a local car dealership, offer her a “friend” discount on a new car. The RBT is grateful for the assistance and readily accepts.
C. A client and an RBT are working when the client’s father comes home from his place of work, where he is a baker. He offers the RBT a loaf of bread, and she accepts it.
D. A client convinces her parents to buy her therapist a gift for her birthday. The parents decide it is a good lesson to teach the child (the value of giving to others) and agree, but they set a price cap of $50 on the gift. The child goes to the mall one day with the family, and they purchase a small piece of jewelry for $35, which the RBT happily accepts for her birthday.

A

A. A client makes a valentine’s day card out of some construction paper and marker and gives it to her therapist, who is an RBT. The RBT, of course, accepts the card with gratitude.

127
Q

Bill, a BCaBA, always describes behaviors of interest in discrete, objective, measurable terms. Using Ogden Lindsey’s “Dead Man’s Test”, Bill also makes sure that his behaviors of interest are… well, behaviors!
Of the 7 Dimensions of ABA (as originally described by Baer, D., Wolf, M., & Risley, R., 1968), which of the following does the above most closely describe?

A. Conceptually Systematic
B. Technological
C. Behavioral
D. Applied

A

C. Behavioral

128
Q

Satiation is a term that refers to what?

A. An establishing operation (value increase) of a reinforcer due to it’s scarcity
B. A stimulus that is aversive or non-preferred
C. An abolishing operation (value decrease) of a reinforcer due to an organism being over-exposed to that stimulus
D. To be at capacity or over-supplied

A

C. An abolishing operation (value decrease) of a reinforcer due to an organism being over-exposed to that stimulus

129
Q

When a stimulus is ADDED to the environment, and this causes a DECREASE IN A BEHAVIOR over time, what type of consequential operation is this?

A. Positive Punishment
B. Negative Reinforcement
C. Negative Punishment
D. Positive Reinforcement

A

A. Positive Punishment

There are three types of consequences, generally speaking, for behavior:

  1. Reinforcement: a stimulus that follows a behavior and causes that behavior to increase in probability over time
  2. Punishment: a stimulus that follows a behavior and causes that behavior to decrease in probability over time
  3. Extinction: a behavior that was previously being reinforced by a given stimulus no longer contacts that stimulus. Extinction is usually followed by an extinction burst - a “spike” along some dimension of a behavior, followed by a dramatic decrease in that behavior similar to the effect of punishment.

Positive and Negative are terms used to refer to how the environment changes. Positive refers to adding a stimulus to the environment, whereas negative refers to removing a stimulus from the environment. There can be both positive and negative punishment and positive and negative reinforcement.

It can be useful to think of “positive and negative” as the first names for a consequential operation, and “reinforcement and punishment” as the last names. When analyzing a scenario, first, think of whether a stimulus is being added or removed - this gives you the “first name” (either positive or negative). Next, identify if a behavior is increasing or decreasing - this will determine the “last name” (punishment or reinforcement).

130
Q

Which of the following is an example of a mand?

A. A boy requests cookies, is given some, and then eats them! (Yum)
B. A child recites times tables in a group lesson
C. A girl sees an airplane and says, “Look, Dad! An Airplane!”
D. A man hums softly to himself while mowing the lawn

A

A. A boy requests cookies, is given some, and then eats them! (Yum)

131
Q

Which of the following are examples of preference assessments that behavior analysts might use to determine lists of appetitive stimuli?

A. Multiple Free Pick Test (MFPT)
B. Many Stimulus Replacement (MSR)
C. Mixed Stimuli Assessment Battery (MSAB)
D. Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO)

A

D. Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO)

132
Q

Sometimes, behavior analysts will break down a complex chain of behaviors into smaller discrete steps to facilitate teaching. The learner will then be taught to complete the steps in their logical order, with the completion of the previous step serving as the reinforcer for that step and the discriminative stimulus (SD) for the next step. Finally, the last step in the chain (terminal step) serves as the reinforcer for the whole chain. What is this called?

A. Task Step
B. A Recipe
C. Task Analysis
D. Task Endurance
E. Task Sequence
A

C. Task Analysis

133
Q

What does response latency refer to?

A. The delay between a reinforcer / punisher and the SD.
B. The delay between a stimulus and a given response
C. The length of a trial
D. The amount of time it takes for a behavior to start and then stop

A

B. The delay between a stimulus and a given response

Response latency refers to the delay between a specific stimulus and a response.

134
Q

Tim, an RBT, usually works with early intervention clients in the 2 - 3 year age range whom all have a diagnosis of autism or developmental delay. After a few months, the clinic he works at begins to accept new clients who are aged 12 - 14, are all members of a state sponsored foster care program, and have an excellent array of verbal skills and no diagnosis of autism.Tim has never worked with this population before, but is excited by the challenge and opportunity to help these kids. What should Tim do?

A. Tim should begin shadowing other RBTs, who can train him to work with these clients.
B. Discrimination against different populations is directly prohibited by the BACB as well as legislature in many countries.
C. RBTs must request supervision from a BCBA familiar with that population. RBTs must refrain from working with groups they are unfamiliar with.`
D. RBTs are trained on the basic principles of behavior, and, as such, are able to work with any population (the principles of behavior work for all organisms, after all).

A

C. RBTs must request supervision from a BCBA familiar with that population. RBTs must refrain from working with groups they are unfamiliar with.`

RBT Ethics Code 3.04 - RBTs may not practice with new client populations without proper training and oversight.

The RBT must restrict their work to populations they are trained to work with, and with whom they have (and continue to receive) regular supervision from a board certified behavior analyst while they are providing behavioral therapy. This ensures the RBT provides competent care with respect to the unique challenges and considerations that may be endemic to groups of people who may request behavioral intervention, such as children with autism, individuals with traumatic brain injury, or persons who have developmental disability.

135
Q

When attempting to assess the function of a client’s behavior, what is often considered the “gold standard” for experimentally identifying function?

A. Conducting an analog or naturalistic functional analysis is usually considered the best way to identify function
B. Free operant or multiple stimulus assessment
C. Ask yourself, “What are the A-B-C’s for this behavior?” Sketch it out, and write a functional response definition for the behavior and proceed with treatment. Trust your intuition!
D. Watch the behavior of interest occur in the natural environment; that should be sufficient.

A

A. Conducting an analog or naturalistic functional analysis is usually considered the best way to identify function

136
Q

Which of the following is something that is true about the BCaBA (assistant analyst) certification?

A. Supervise behavior technicians and RBTs working with clients and provide mentorship to other BCaBAs
B. Practice independently, without the supervision of a BCBA, if they have worked in the field for at least 2 years.
C. Supervise other BCaBAs and BCBAs working with clients
D. BCaBAs are BCBAs in training
E. BCaBAs are not bound by an ethical code. BCBAs are responsible for managing their behavior.

A

A. Supervise behavior technicians and RBTs working with clients and provide mentorship to other BCaBAs

Some Things BCaBAs Do:
In many agencies, the BCaBA provides the role of supporting and supervising RBTs. They will monitor the performance of the RBTs and others implementing behavioral services.

They can also assist BCBAs in developing a client’s plan, performing assessments, and providing other behavioral services. They cannot independently develop a client’s plan.

Some Things BCaBAs Can’t Do:
A BCaBA cannot supervise BCBAs, and is not able to supervise other BCaBAs - however, they can provide mentorship for other BCaBAs. An example could be a BCaBA requesting mentorship (guidance) when working with a new client population (e.g., they switch from EIBI to geriatric clientele) and they request the guidance of another BCaBA. This mentorship will not count towards their supervision requirement.

As of this writing in Summer 2019, all new BCaBAs must receive supervision from a BCBA for at least 5% of their direct service hours for the first year of their practice, and 2% after that. They also must receive oversight on any programs they develop during that time.

137
Q

Sally is working with her client, Tom, who is learning to ask for the bathroom. Sally, being an experienced therapist, knows that mastering just one example of a skill does not mean she’s done! With the help of Tom’s family, she establishes opportunities for Tom to practice requesting the bathroom in a variety of settings, with multiple caregivers, and establishes routine “checkups” to assess whether the skill is maintaining over time.
Of the 7 Dimensions of ABA (as originally described by Baer, D., Wolf, M., & Risley, R., 1968), which of the following does the above most closely describe?

A. Behavioral
B. Applied
C. Generality
D. Technological

A

C. Generality

n 1968, Baer, Wolf, & Risley formalized definitions for what “Applied Behavior Analysis” is, as a science. This was the first article in the very first journal dedicated to the study of Applied Behavior Analysis, formally.Their original article can be found online, for free, on the government’s NCBI website for the journal of applied behavior analysis (If you’re asking yourself “should I bother to read that?”, the answer is yes, you should!). Their seven “dimensions” (aka, “defining characteristics”) of ABA are as follows:

  • Applied: Applied interventions deal with problems of demonstrated social importance.
  • Behavioral: Applied interventions deal with measurable behavior (or reports if they can be validated).
  • Analytic: Applied interventions require an objective demonstration that the procedures caused the effect.
  • Technological: Applied interventions are described well enough that they can be implemented by anyone with training and resources.
  • Conceptual Systems: Applied interventions arise from a specific and identifiable theoretical base rather than being a set of packages or tricks.
  • Effective: Applied interventions produce strong, socially important effects.
  • Generality: Applied interventions are designed from the outset to operate in new environments and continue after the formal treatments have ended.
138
Q

Bill has not eaten all day, and it’s almost dinner time. He sees a donut on the high shelf in the kitchen, and reaches for it while he says “Donut please…” in a zombie-like donut trance. Unable to reach it, he looks up at you emploringly before looking back at the donut, salivating.
What type of verbal operant is this, generally speaking?

A. An intraverbal
B. A mand
C. An echoic
D. A tact

A

B. A mand

RBT EXAM (1 decks)

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