RBT Exam Flashcards
ABC
antecedent – behavior – consequence. Also known as the 3-term contingency.
Abolishing Operation
can decrease reinforcer effectiveness. Usually associated with satiation.
Acquisition
A target that is in the process of being taught. This behavior is not yet a known skill.
Antecedent Interventions
recognizing environmental factors that can attribute to problematic behavior and making changes necessary to promote appropriate behavior and reduce possible triggers for maladaptive.
Antecedent
events that occur before a behavior.
Behavior Skills Training
procedure consisting of instruction, modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and feedback that is used to teach new behaviors or skills. Instructions, model, rehearsal, feedback.
Behavior Intervention Plan
once the function of behavior has been determined, BIPs are used for antecedent strategies, responding to maladaptive behavior, teaching replacement behavior and what interventions to use, both verbal and physical.
Backward Chaining
Teaching skill steps one at a time from the last step to the first and prompting all steps before the step being taught. Reinforcement after teaching step and at the end of the task.
Behavior
anything a person does that can be observed and measured.
4 Functions of Behavior
- Automatic/sensory: providing self-stimulation and is automatically reinforced;
- Escape: avoiding or escaping a demand or undesirable task;
- Attention: can be socially mediated and seeks attention in any way from others;
- Access: tangible, wanting a preferred item.
Chaining
Used to teach multi-step skills in which the steps involved are defined through task analysis. Each separate step is taught to link together the total “chain.” Can be done either by backward, forward, or total task analyses.
Consequence
something that follows a behavior.
Continuous Measurement
records every single occurrence of a behavior. Examples include frequency, duration, rate, and per opportunity
Continuous reinforcement
the target behavior occurs and is reinforced after every occurrence.
Deprivation
not having something often enough and in return increases the effectiveness of it when used as a reinforcer.
Differential Reinforcement (3 Types)
A procedure in which one behavior is reinforced while other behaviors are extinguished.
- DRI (Differential Reinforcement of INCOMPATIBLE behaviors): Reinforce behavior
incompatible with an undesirable behavior. Example: Reinforce Johnny for writing his
name appropriately rather than tapping his pencil - DRA (Differential Reinforcement of ALTERNATIVE behaviors): Reinforce behavior that
is an appropriate alternative(replacement) for the undesirable behavior; Example:
Reinforce Annie when she asks for a break instead of yelling to get out of work; - DRO (Differential Reinforcement of OTHER behaviors): Reinforce any other behavior
other than the undesirable behavior; Example: Reinforce Luke with a gummy every 5 minutes he does not engage in crying.
Discontinuous Measurement
used to measure some instances of behavior but not all. Typically associated with partial and whole interval recording and momentary time sampling.
Discrete Trial
learning opportunity initiated and controlled by the teacher in which the correct response will be reinforced. This also is breaking a skill into smaller parts and teaching it while using reinforcement. Allows for presentation of many learning opportunities in a short amount of time. Following the 3-term contingency.
Discrimination Training
the procedure in which a behavior is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and extinguished in the presence of another stimulus. Assists with learning how to respond in different environments or different conditions. Allows the client to learn the differences between stimuli.
Discriminative Stimulus (Sd)
a cue that signals reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response (Demand or Instruction).
Dual Relationship
situation where multiple roles exist between a therapist and a parent or client. Dual relationships are also referred to as multiple relationships.
Duration
the amount of time that someone engages in a Behavior.
Echoic
verbal imitation; repeating the speaker.
Error Correction: ECTER.
When a client makes a mistake on a target that has been previously mastered, do NOT acknowledge the mistake. Re-present the trial and be ready to prompt to get a correct answer.
The steps for ECTER:
- Error - child touches car when prompted to touch bike
- Correction - represent the Sd with prompt
- Transfer - represent the Sd without a prompt
- Expand - place easy/mastered demands
- Return - return to Sd of incorrect response: “touch bike” reinforcement is provided for correct response.
Errorless Teaching
prompt the correct response as soon as you give the Sd. Essentially, you are not giving the client a chance to make an error.
Establishing Operation
increases the current effectiveness of a stimulus. Usually deprivation is associated with this operation.
Ethics
Must follow the BACB’s code of ethics. Failure to follow the mandatory code of ethics can lead to loss of employment and certification. Please review the Code of Ethics outline.
Expressive Language
the ability to communicate. This is the ability to express one’s thoughts, ideas, wants, and needs. Identifying and labeling the objects in the environment, putting words together to form sentences, describing events and actions, answering questions and making requests are all examples of expressive language skills.
Extinction
The withholding of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior, resulting in reduction of that behavior.
Extinction Burst
The increase in frequency and/or intensity of behavior in the early stages of extinction.
Fixed Interval (FI)
this schedule of reinforcement is used for a set amount of time.
Fixed Ratio (FR)
this schedule of reinforcement is used for a set amount of responses.
Forward Chaining
Teaching skill steps one at a time from the first step to the last and prompting all steps after the step being taught. Reinforcement after teaching step and at the end of the task.
Frequency
the amount of times, or count, a behavior or response happens.
Functional Behavioral Assessment
This is the process by which behavioral interventions are created. An FBA is intended to determine the function (or the reason for a behavior, and then create an intervention based on tha function. A Functional Analysis (FA) involves manipulating the environment to understand the behavior, while a Functional Behavior Assessment involves things like observation, interview, and collecting ABC data.
Functional Relationship
how a person’s behaviors change the world around him/her, and how those changes affect the future likelihood of the same behaviors.
Functions of Behavior
Used when determining why an individual engages in certain behavior. ABA identifies 4 functions of a behavior:
Escape,
Access (tangibles),
Attention
Sensory (automatic reinforcement).
Generalization
change occurs when that behavior occurs outside of the learning environment. Generalization can happen across settings, time and across people and exists when the behavior occurs in these various environments.
HIPAA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act: HIPAA provides federal protection for individual health information, including the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of protected information.
Imitation
Copying someone’s motor movements.
Incidental Teaching
a teaching technique used in naturally occurring environments and can create natural incidents of learning. Social, communication, play and other forms of interaction.
Instructional Control
developing a history of reinforcing compliance. Placing task demands and other instructions following pairing. (The likelihood that the child will elicit a correct response.)
Intermittent Reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcing some but not all desirable behavior.
Inter-Response Time
The time between two responses given.
Intraverbal
This is a Verbal Behavior term. Basically, intraverbals are building blocks to conversation skills as it’s the ability to discuss, describe, or answer a question about something that isn’t physically present. Like if someone asks you, “What did you do on your vacation?”
Latency
The time between when the Sd is presented, and the response is given.
Listener Responding
Following a direction given. Receptive language goal.
Listener Responding Feature Function Class (LRFFC)
used to describe and receptively find an object when given the feature, function or class of that item. Appearance, what it is
used for and the category it falls under.
Magnitude
the force or intensity with which a response is emitted.
Maintenance
The ability of a child to demonstrate previously acquired skills over time and durations when reinforcement has been faded.
Mand
asking for something; a request that has motivation.
Measurement
Collecting data on various skills or behaviors.
Momentary Time Sample
looking for a behavior’s occurrence during a specific part of the interval and recording if it is occurring at that precise moment. Ex: setting a timer to go off every minute for a 30-minute interval, only checking for behavior and marking it down as the timer goes off.
Motivating Operation
Change in environment that increases or decreases the effectiveness of a given reinforcer. Used with EO or AO.
Natural Environment Teaching
Naturalistic teaching is when the learner initiates a learning opportunity and the reinforcer is a result of the activity or learning opportunity.
Negative Reinforcement
removing a stimulus to increase/strengthen a behavior.
Operational Definition
Definitions of behavior that are measurable, objective and observable.
Pairing
Establishing yourself as a reinforcer or the deliverer of reinforcement while building a positive relationship.
Partial Interval Recording
involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs at ANY point within the interval - even if it only occurred for 1 second. You can use this for self stimulatory behaviors or behaviors that don’t look the same every time. An over exaggeration of the behavior, you use this method to decrease behavior.
Permanent Product
Tangible product or environmental outcome that proves a skill.
Positive Reinforcement
Adding a stimulus to strengthen/increase behavior
Preference Assessment
Assessment to determine what a child is motivated by.
Primary Reinforcer (unconditioned)
Items or activities that are naturally reinforcing.
Principles of Reinforcement: DISC
- Deprivation: The withholding of a stimulus (The more deprived an individual is of a
reinforcer, the more effective it will be); - Immediacy: How quickly a reinforcer is presented after the correct response is emitted
(A reinforcer should be delivered immediately following a behavior to make sure you are
reinforcing that specific behavior); - Size: The amount of reinforcement given after a correct response is emitted (must be
an appropriate size for the task given, not too much or too little) - Contingency: If_________ then__________ statement is used to set the expectation
for reinforcement to occur (The reinforcement should ONLY be delivered when a desired
behavior occurs).
Prompt
form of assistance that you add in order to achieve a desired response or behavior that is not occurring. Used to evoke the correct response so it can be reinforced. Stimulus and Response prompts.
Prompt Hierarchy
level of prompts used from greatest to least or least to greatest.
1. Expressive language hierarchy: full verbal, partial verbal, independent;
2. Receptive language hierarchy: full physical, partial physical, model, gestural, independent.
Prompt Fading
gradually removing prompt levels needed or fading out the intrusiveness
Punishment: 2 types
anything that is added or removed after a behavior that decreases it, makes it less likely to happen again.
* Positive Punishment: A stimulus presented after a behavior occurs which decreases
the behavior.
* Negative Punishment: A stimulus removed after a behavior occurs which decreases
the behavior.
Rate
Ratio of count per observation time (How many times a behavior occurs in a set amount of time).
Reactive Strategies
techniques used in an emergency or crisis situation to gain control of dangerous, out of control behaviors.
Receptive Language
Receptive is listener behavior and refers to tasks that require a non-vocal action or motor response such as touch, imitation, or pointing.
Reinforcement
anything that is added or removed after a behavior that decreases it, makes it less likely to happen again.
* Positive Reinforcement: A stimulus presented after a behavior occurs which increases
the behavior.
* Negative Reinforcement: A stimulus removed after a behavior occurs which increases
the behavior.
Replacement Behavior
A behavior you want to replace an unwanted target behavior.
Response Prompt
any prompt that is used in expressive or receptive language such as a gestural, model or verbal prompt.
Role of the RBT
program implementation, data collection, communicating w/ stakeholders, work directly with BCBA and following written program including BIP.
Satiation
When a reinforcer loses its effectiveness due to overuse.
Secondary Reinforcer (conditioned)
items or activities that acquire reinforcing properties when paired with primary reinforcers.
Setting Events
The context or circumstance in which an environment-behavior relationship occurs. The event changes the strengths of stimuli and responses involved in an environment-behavior interaction.
Shaping
The process of reinforcing gradual changes in a behavior so the behavior begins to look like the target behavior while no longer reinforcing the previous accepted response.
Skill Acquisition
Developing of new skills, habits, quality.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of the extinguished behavior after a period without reinforcing the behavior.
Stimulus
anything that elicits a response followed by consequence.
Stimulus Control
precedes the behavior but affects the outcome; has influence over behavior.
Stimulus Control Transfer
A process in which prompts are removed in order to bring the behavior under the control of the Sd and is achieved by prompt fading.
Stimulus Prompt
stimuli that are used to help evoke correct response. Positional cues, environmental, moving items or changing features/color and size/proximity.
Tact
A form of verbal behavior where the speaker sees, hears, smells, tastes something and then comments about it (a Label).
Task Analysis
The process of breaking a skill down into smaller, more manageable components.
Token Economy
a method used to try and reinforce (increase) the frequency of a target behavior.
Topography
the physical form or shape of a behavior.
Total Task Chaining
Teaching behavior chain steps all at once. Reinforcement delivered for independence and at the end of the task.
Variable Interval
this schedule of reinforcement is used for a variable amount of time.
Variable Ratio
this schedule of reinforcement is used for a variable amount of responses.
Whole Interval Recording
Involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs within the entirety of the interval.
