Rbm Flashcards
Fatigue
Crewmembers must watch each other’s condition to prevent excessive fatigue from taking its toll.
The following are examples of situations that may cause fatigue: Operating in extreme hot or cold weather conditions, Eye strain
from hours of looking through sea-spray blurred windshields, The effort of holding on and maintaining balance, Stress, Exposure to
noise, Exposure to the sun, Poor physical conditioning, Lack of sleep, Boredom.
The primary symptoms of fatigue are: Inability to focus or concentrate/narrowed attention span, Mental confusion or judgment
error, Decreased coordination of motor skills and sensory ability (hearing, seeing), Increased irritability, Decreased performance,
Decreased concern for safety.
Some preventive measures are: Adequate rest, Appropriate dress for weather conditions, Rotating crew duties, Providing food and
refreshments suitable for conditions, Observing other crewmembers for signs of fatigue.
Motion sickness
Motion sickness, or seasickness, is nausea and/or vomiting caused by an imbalance between visual images and the portion of the
middle ear that senses motion.
The primary symptoms of seasickness are as follows: Nausea and vomiting, Increased salivation, Unusual paleness, Sweating,
Drowsiness, Overall weakness, Stomach discomfort.
Besides taking medication, there are other things that can be done to help
prevent seasickness: Stay out of confined spaces, Stay above deck in the fresh air, Avoid concentrating on the movement of the
boat by looking out over the water toward the horizon or shoreline, Avoid smoking.
Motion sickness can often be prevented or made less severe with different kinds of anti-motion medication, including the use of
Scopolamine patches.
Tct
Elements of the GAR 2.0
P- Planning - Do you have the necessary information and time to conduct “What can go wrong” analysis?
E - Event Complexity.
A - Asset Selection - includes personnel (number and qualification/experience/psychophysical state)
A - Asset Selection - includes materiel/equipment
C- Communication (and Supervisors) - access to information and guidance
E - Environmental Conditions - weather, climate, physical barriers
Elements of the SPE
Severity- the consequence of the mishap if it occurs
Probability- like hood that the hazard will result in a mishap
Exposure- how frequently, length of time, or number of people making contact with hazard
Severity1-5xProbablity1-5xExposure1-4 80-100 immediately stop the mission, 60-79 correct immediately, and 40-59 is
correction needed.
Elements of the STAR Model
Spread Out- move forces, equipment, or tasks to other areas in order to avoid risk to the entire mission
Transfer- transfer some or all of the mission or task to another individual, unit or platform that is better positioned, more
survivable, or more expendable
Avoid- avoid specific risks by “going around” them or doing the mission or task in a different way.
Accept- accept risk when the benefits clearly outweigh the costs, but only as necessary to accomplish the mission or task.
Reduce- reduce the number of individuals, equipment or resources exposure to a particular risk is a simple way of
mitigating overall risk.
First aid Intial
Crewmembers providing first aid must do the following:
Assess the safety of the scene. Scene safety must be secured prior to initation of patient care,
All appropriate personnel protective equipment should be worn prior to contact with patient,
Assess the patient’s breathing, pulse, mental status, level of consciousness, and injuries or illness
First aid bleeding
Types of bleeding include:
Arterial- spurting blood, pulsating flow, bright red color
Venous-steady slow flow, dark red color
Capillary- slow even flow
Controlled by:
Apply direct pressure and bandage if cannot control apply another bandage, if all else fails tourniquet
First aid shock
Shock: Signs Pulse - weak and rapid, Breathing - shallow and rapid, Skin - pale, cold, clammy (sweating), Pupils - dilated (enlarged), State of consciousness - alert (may be deceiving) to fainting and/or unconscious. Symptoms: Restlessness, Thirst, Nausea, Weakness, Anxiousness, Fright, Dizziness, Fatigue, Feeling of impending doom. Make patient comfortable, limit movement, keep patent warm, activate EMS, be ready to administer CPR, do not allow them to drink water.
First aid fractures
Two types of fractures:
Compound (open) fracture: The bone has broken and an open wound is present. The bone may protrude from the wound,
leaving little doubt that there is a fracture. Use caution when applying direct pressure so as not to injure yourself.- Dry sterile
Simple (closed) fracture: No open wound is present, but the bone may be broken or cracked. Care must be taken when
handling a closed fracture; careless treatment may cause an open fraecture, lacerate a blood vessel, or cause other injuries.
Treatment:
Fractures are treated with immobilization using the SAM Splint. Check the distal pulse before and after application of
splint, if not pulse is present after application of splint then lossen it. If bone is exposed, cover it with sterile dressing and
take good care in treatment.
First aid burns
Types of burns
Superficial Burns-These burns involve only the outer layer of skin and produce redness, increased warmth, tenderness,
and mild pain.- Immerse in cool water until pain is relieved. For chemical burns, first brush off any dry powder and remove
any contaminated clothing. Flush chemical burns for at least 20 minutes unless chemical is known to react with water.
Cover loosely with clean or sterile dressing.
Partial-Thickness-These burns involve the inner layers of the skin, but not enough to prevent rapid regeneration. They
may produce blisters and are characterized by severe pain, redness, and warmth.- Use the same treatment as for first-degree burns. Do not break open any blisters. Cover with a loose, dry, sterile, non-adhesive dressing. For deep second-
degree burns, follow the procedures for third-degree burns.
Full-Thickness-that penetrate the full thickness of the skin, destroying both the outer and inner layers. Severe pain,
characteristic of second-degree burns, may be absent because nerve endings have been destroyed. Color may range from
White and lifeless to lack (charred).- Looselv cover the burn to reduce exposure to air. Cool the burn. Separate fineers
or toes with dry. sterile. nonadhesive dressings. Do not remove clothing unless smoldering. Treat for shock even it not
apparent. Always obtain medical care. Monitor the patients airway. Assess vital signs every 5 minutes. Give nothing to
eat or drink. Do not place ice on the burn. Do not apply ointments to the burn. Burns of the respiratory tract are always a
medical emergency.
First aid hypothermia
Hypothermia
Is a lowering of a person’s core temperature. Signs: (01) Slow, weak pulse, Unconsciousness. Cold pale skin skin, May
simulate or accompany shock, Shivering, Clouded mental capacity (may seem disoriented), Slow and labored breathing,
Dilated pupils, Slurred speech (may seem intoxicated), Loss of coordination. Treatments include actively warming survivor
and treat for shock.
First aid hyperthermia
Hyperthermia
Is the raising of the body’s core temperature.
Heat exhaustion typically occurs when people exercise heavily or work in a warm, humid environment where body fluids
are lost through heavy sweating. The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion include: dizziness, headache, nausea,
weakness, clumsy/unsteady gait and muscle cramps. First aid treatment should be provided immediately followed by
rapid removal of the patient to a location that can provide proper medical care and treat for shock.
Heat stroke is a major medical emergency and results from the complete breakdown of the body’s sweating and heat
regulatory mechanisms. The major symptoms of heat stroke are: Red skin, hot and dry to the touch (cessation of
sweating), Characteristic body temperature above 105° F (40.5° C) Headache, Weak and rapid pulse, Confusion, violence,
lack of coordination, delirium, and/or unconsciousness, Brain damage (if immediate medical treatment is not given). It is
best to carefully remove the victim to a cooler environment and seek medical assistance and treat for shock.
CPR
Adult -30 compressions 2 breaths 100 compressions a minute use both hands.
Child -30 compressions 2 breaths 100 compressions a minute use one hand
Infant- 30 compressions 2 breaths 100 compressions a minute use two fingers
Anti exposures coveralls/dry suit
51-60 water temp 51-80 air temp anti exposures coveralls
50 or bellow water and air temp dry suit
60+ water temp 80+ air temp odu
Boat crew survival vest
Emergency Signaling Mirror- can be seen from great distances and instructions on the back.
Signal Whistle- a whistle’s audible sound may be heard at a distance of up to 1,000 yards.
MK-124- The MK-124 Mod 0/1 is a pyrotechnic smoke and illumination signal used day or night as a distress signal at sea or on
land, Day end is orange smoke. Night end is red flare. Both sides last 20 seconds
MK-79 or Pencil Flare- 250-650ft, 4.5 seconds, candle power 12,000. Seven flares one for each day.
Strobe Light- 50-70 flashes per minute 8hrs continuous 18+ non continuous range of 2-5 miles.
Survival Knife- use to cut lines and material blocking path to escape. Blunt tip to not stab others.
Personal Locating Beacon- The PLB is a personal transmitter capable of broadcasting on both 406 MHz and 121.5 MHz. Cospas
Sarsat uses 406 to provide an approximate location within 90 minutes and within three nautical miles.
M127 or Parachute Flare- 650-700ft, 36 seconds, 125,000 candle power, and descends 10-15ft per second.
Automatic Inflatable PFD
Modes of inflation- auto inflation- pressure switch or saltwater tab that dissolves then punctures the CO2 thing, manual
inflation-pull three red beads, and oral inflation by breathing air in tube
Cannot be worn with anti-exposure coveralls
Boat egress procedures
Boat egress procedures
Muster the crew and passengers and account for any missing occupants and possible damaged areas. Open forward survivors’
cabin doors if not already open and proceed to forward survivor’s compartment to the location of the escape hatch. Exit
through the escape hatch with the strongest swimmer going first with a tag line if possible. Your next weakest swimmer should
be followed by your second strongest swimmer. Once outside the hull muster crew and passengers and account for any
missing occupants. Try to remain upwind or up current to prevent ingesting of fuel that may be present in the water. Attempt
to climb aboard the inverted hull. Check for injuries and administer first aid to the best of your abilities. Conduct an inventory
of signaling equipment. Activate Personal Locator Beacon (PLB). Use signaling devices as needed for rescue. Stay with the boat
and do not swim for shore. Distances to shore can be deceiving, and strenuous activities such as swimming in cold water can
hasten the onset of hypothermia.
Due to the distribution of weight and buoyancy, the RB-M will likely float with the bow up orientation.
In the event of a roll-over, the average time for the boat to re-right will be approximately 8 to 12 seconds.
Primary- Forward Hatch Secondary- Aft Cabin WT Door Last Resort- Sliding Cabin Windows
Immersion in cold water may give a sensation of tightness in the chest and also causes a gasp reflex which may impact your
ability to hold your breath.
Open water survival
10.
Open water Survival
Critical factors that increase the threat of hypothermia and other cold water injuries include: Prolonged exposure to cold-water
temperatures, Sea spray, Air temperature, Wind chill.
Several preventive measures that can be used to increase the chances for successful cold water survival include: Put on as
much warm clothing as possible, making sure to cover head, neck, hands and feet. If the hypothermia protective clothing does
not have inherent flotation, put on a PFD. Before entering the water, button up clothing, turn on signal lights (only at night),
locate your survival whistle and make any other preparations for rescue. Avoid entering the water if possible. If it is necessary
to jump into the water, cover nose and mouth with one hand and place other hand on the PFD or area between wrist and
elbow.
Getting out the water benefits: Try to board a life raft, overturned boat (if floating), or other floating platform as soon as
possible to shorten the immersion time. Body heat is lost many times faster in the water than in the air. Since the effectiveness
of the insulation worn is seriously reduced by being water soaked, it is important to be shielded from wind to avoid a wind-chill
effect. Huddling close to the other occupants in the craft will also conserve body heat.
Risks of swimming: Unnecessary swimming will pump out any warm water between the body and the layers of clothing and
will increase the rate of body-heat loss. Also, unnecessary movements of arms and legs send warm blood from the inner core
to the outer layer of the body resulting in a rapid heat loss.
Heat Escape Lessening Position (HELP) and minimizes exposure of the body surface to the cold water.
Use the following procedures when climbing onto an overturned boat hull: Look for the easiest access point to climb aboard,
this is often found towards the stern of the vessel since it will be lower in the water than the bow. Use the natural design of
the boats hull for hand holds eg, keel, chine, through hull drains. Be aware that some leverage points may be slightly below the
surface, e.g. Rub rails, swim platforms, life lines. Assist other survivors in climbing aboard.
Vessel characteristics for recovery consideration: Swim platform or ladder, Lowest point of freeboard, Transom door,Jacobs
ladder.
Boarding a Life Raft from the Water: Facing entrance, use buoyancy of worn PPE to spring up. Legs together, dolphin kick. Grab
top tube, then straps inside raft to pull in, Get help from people inside the raft.
