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Clinical Pathology > RBCs > Flashcards

RBCs Flashcards

1
Q

Define erythron

A

All erythroid cells in the body. Including immature and mature, as well as those in the bone marrow, spleen, and circulation.

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2
Q

Define Hematopoiesis

A

Production of ALL blood cells

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3
Q

Define erythropoiesis

A

Process of RBC production in bone marrow

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4
Q

Define granulopoiesis

A

Process of WBC (eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, leukocytes) production in bone marrow

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5
Q

Define thrombopoiesis

A

Process of platelet/thrombocyte production in bone marrow

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6
Q

Define hematopoietic cells

A

Precursors to blood cells found in blood or tissues

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7
Q

Define anemia,

A

Decreased RBC number
Occurs when RBC production < RBC loss
Result: decreased Oxygen carrying capacity

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8
Q

Define absolute erythrocytosis

A

Increased number of RBCs
Occurs when RBC production > RBC loss
Result: Sluggy blood

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9
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A 
Bone marrow (majority)- specifically axial and long bone central cavities of mammals
Other organs (extramedullary)- spleen and liver
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10
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

Small fragments of non-functional nuclear material, which wasn’t extruded when the RBC left the bone marrow

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11
Q

How long does it take to make a new erythrocyte?

A

5-7 days to go from rubriblast (1st precursor) to erythrocyte

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12
Q

Which erythrocyte precursor is the last to have a nucleus?

A

metarubricyte (before reticulocyte)

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13
Q

What hormone stimulates Erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin (Epo)

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14
Q

Where is Erythropoietin produced?

A

Kidney (~90%)

Liver (~10(

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15
Q

What stimulates release of Erythropoietin?

A

Hypoxia in kidney/liver tissue (helps increase oxygen)

*other cytokines, hormones, and growth factors also regulate erythropoiesis

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16
Q

What decreases erythropoiesis?

A
  • Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1(
  • Abnormally high estrogen
  • Low functional renal tissue (CKD), b/c low epo synthesis
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17
Q

What benefit does the biconcave disc structure of RBCs provide?

A

Allows deformability, so RBCs can move through small vessels

18
Q

What species has ovoid and anucleated RBCs?

A

Camelids (llamas, alpacas, camels, etc)

Fun fact: This shape helps the RBCs to move through blood vessels, even when very dehydrated. It also allows the RBC to swell up to 240% when the animal drinks water (biconcave can only swell to 150%!).

19
Q

What species has ovoid and nucleated RBCs?

A

Reptiles, fish, avians/birds

Exceptions: Salamanders of genus Batrachoseps and Fish of genus Maurolicus

20
Q

What species have smaller RBC’s?

A

Ruminants and Horses
Sheep and Goats: 4.5 micrometers
Cattle and Horses: 5-6 micrometers

21
Q

What are the primary components of RBC structure?

A

Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Membrane & cytoskeleton
Enzymes for metabolism

22
Q

How many heme molecules are in 1 hemoglobin molecule?

A

4 heme molecules/1 hemoglobin

23
Q

How many available oxygen binding sites are available for oxygen on a heme molecule?

A

There is one oxygen binding site available per heme molecule

24
Q

What type of iron is found in a heme molecule?

A

ferrous iron

25
Q

What is Methemoglobin?

A

Has the feric form of iron, which is lacking the only binding site for oxygen to bind to

26
Q

How is methemoglobin turned into normal hemoglobin?

A

It is oxidized back to hemoblogin by cytochrome-b5-reductase

27
Q

Can hemoglobin be synthesized without mitochondria?

A

No, hemoglobin synthesis requires mitochondria. Therefore, all hemoglobin is made in RBC precursors.

28
Q

What are the 3 steps of hemoglobin synthesis?

A

1) Series of porphyrin reactions
2) Incorporation of ferrous iron into protoporhyrin IX to form heme
3) Binding of the 4 ferriheme & 4 globin molecules to form hemoglobin

29
Q

What are Porphyrins?

A

Heme precursors from porphobilinogen to protoporphyrin IX

30
Q

What is porphyria?

A

High concentration of porphyrins (heme precursors) in RBCs, plasma, and urine
*can be congenital or aquired (lead toxicity)

31
Q

Clinical symptoms associated with porphyria

A

Photosensitivity due to porphyrins absorbing UV light and causing oxidative damage.
May result in hemolytic anemia

32
Q

Clinical signs associated with disorders of RBC cytoskeleton

A

impacts RBC deformability, and result in abnormal shapes. Can also cause anemia

33
Q

How do RBCs generate energy?

A

With the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway (anaerobic glycolysis)

34
Q

What molecule helps oxygen leave the RBC and become available to tissues?

A

DPG

made by the Rapaport-Luebering pathway with glucose (Except pigs… inosine is used instead)

35
Q

How is DPG made?

A

Made by the Rapaport-Luebering pathway, at the expense of ATP that was generated with anaerobic glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff pathway)

36
Q

What does DPG do?

A

Decreases Hemoglobin’s affinity for O2, so it is more readily available in the tissues

37
Q

An inherited defect in the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway can result in…

A

hemolytic anemias

38
Q

What pathway maintains hemoglobin?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

39
Q

What pathway prevents methemoglobin?

A

Methemoglobin reductase pathway

40
Q

What happens to old erythrocytes?

A

Phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, or bone marrow
Exception: Cats: closed splenic circulation -> blood doesn’t flow through red pulp, and therefore there is limited efficiency for removing RBCs

Clinical Pathology (1 decks)

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