RBC Disorders (Part 1)

Question 1

Anemia of chronic disease, Chronic renal disease, and Hypothyroidism are caused by?

Answer 1

Decreased Erythropoietin

Question 2

This results to Leukemia, Leukoerythroblastosis, Aplastic anemia, Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Myelofibrosis, and Pure red cell

Answer 2

Bone marrow Damage, infiltration Atrophy

Question 3

Vitamin & Mineral Deficiency results to?

Answer 3

-Iron
-Vitamin B12 deficiency
-Folic acid deficiency

Question 4

This is caused by defect in globin synthesis

Answer 4

Thalassemia

Question 5

Iron overload results to?

Answer 5

-Sideroblastic anemia
-hemochromatosis

Question 6

Congenital dyserythropoiesis is caused by?

Answer 6

Ineffective Erythropoiesis

Question 7

Intrinsic defects in Hereditary (membrane) results to?

Answer 7

-Spherocytosis
-Elliptocytosis
-Acanthocytosis
-Stomatocytosis
-Rh null disease

Question 8

Represent disordered hemoglobin synthesis and has an MCV of <80.

Answer 8

Microcytic Anemia

Question 9

Characterized by low iron and ferritin with high TIBC

Answer 9

Iron deficiency anemia

Question 10

Characterized by low iron and ferritin with low TIBC

Answer 10

Anemia of chronic disease

Question 11

The most common cause of microcytic anemia

Answer 11

iron deficiency

Question 12

Second most frequent type of microcytic anemia

Answer 12

Anemia of chronic disease

Question 13

Characterized by an MCV of >100

Answer 13

Macrocytic anemia

Question 14

Causes deficiencies of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 14

Megaloblastic; Abnormal DNA synthesis

Question 15

Usually with an MCV of 100 to 110, but typically without anemia

Answer 15

Alcoholism

Question 16

Presence of young erythrocytes released early
from the marrow indicates?

Answer 16

anemia caused by hemorrhage or hemolysis

Question 17

Bone marrow responds maximally by increasing red cell production and releasing young erythrocytes prematurely. It is also characterized with an MCV count of 80-100.

Answer 17

Normocytic Anemia

Question 18

IDENTIFY: Erythrocytes are usually normocytic, reticulocyte index < 2, E:M ratio is <1:2 and Indirect bilirubin and LDH are normal

Answer 18

hypoproliferative anemias

Question 19

IDENTIFY:
Retriculocyte index : > 3, E:M ratio is 1:1, Serum LDH & indirect bilirubin are characteristically elevated, Polychromatophilia is prominent

Answer 19

Hemolysis

Question 20

IDENTIFY: Reticulocyte index is <2, E:M ration is > 1:1 with severe anemias, serum LDH and the indirect bilirubin are
elevated (except in iron deficiency), polychromasia is present

Answer 20

maturation defects

Question 21

Causes of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 21

Increased need as in pregnancy, children during stages of rapid growth, intake is low, e.g in maturation, malabsorption, blood loss e.g bleeding, excessive donation, e.g in blood donors

Question 22

Characterized by a progressive
loss of storage iron. RBC development is normal, however, because the body’s reserve of iron is sufficient to maintain
the transport and functional compartments through this
phase

Answer 22

Stage 1 of iron deficiency

Question 23

Frank anemia. The hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are low relative to the reference intervals. Depletion of storage iron and diminished levels of transport iron prevent normal development of RBC precursors.

Answer 23

Stage 3 of iron deficiency

Question 24

Defined by the exhaustion of the storage pool of iron. Quickly the hemoglobin content of reticulocytes begins to decrease, which reflects the onset of iron deficient erythropoiesis, but because the bulk of the circulating RBCs were produced during the period of adequate iron availability, the overall hemoglobin measurement is still normal.

Answer 24

Stage 2 of iron deficiency

Question 25

This would decrease in iron deficiency anemia

Answer 25

Hemoglobin A2

Question 26

IDENTIFY: Absence (β0) or a marked decrease (β+) of β- chain production, an excess of α-chains and ineffective erythropoiesis

Answer 26

Thalassemia Major (Cooley’s Anemia)

Question 27

IDENTIFY: Formed from tetrads of Beta chains, hemoglobin H inclusion, low Red cell count, very low MCV, Low RDW

Answer 27

Hemoglobin H Disease

Question 28

Common in Southeast Asia, where it is found in about 50% of cases of Hb H disease(αCSα/−−). Normal CV, low RBC count

Answer 28

Hemoglobin Constant Spring (aCSa/)

Question 29

An abnormal δβ-fusion chain is produced, a
result of chromosome crossing-over and fusion
of genetic material at the δβ-genes

Answer 29

δβ+-Thalassemia

Question 30

Interferes with heme synthesis by blocking the enzymes
ALAS, ALA dehydratase, and heme synthase

Answer 30

Lead

Question 31

Only clinical presentation might be a
refractory anemia of pregnancy

Answer 31

Heterozygous B-Thalassemia

Question 32

Most common single-gene disorder in humans. Its distribution is largely limited to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa and the Mediterranean

Answer 32

α-Thalassemia

Question 33

Caused by subacute or chronic infections, such as tuberculosis, lung abscess, and bacterial endocarditis. Other cases may be caused by
neoplasms, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), uremia, or
chronic liver disease

Answer 33

Anemia of Chronic Inflammation

Question 34

Promotes liver production of hepcidin, an acute phase reactant that impairs iron absorption in intestinal enterocytes and iron release from macrophages and hepatocyte

Answer 34

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Question 35

Chronic infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic, or fungal),malignancy, or autoimmune dysregulation result in the release of inflammatory cytokines from activated macrophages and T lymphocyte

Answer 35

Mechanisms of anemia in chronic inflammatory conditions

Question 36

In this type of anemia, the body has
adequate iron but is unable to incorporate it into hemoglobin synthesis

Answer 36

Sideroblastic Anemia

Question 37

Most common acute and probably the most common inherited porphyria PBG deaminase deficiency. Elevated levels of ALA & PBG in urine during acute attacks

Answer 37

Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)

Question 38

Most common of the reversible sideroblastic anemia

Answer 38

Ethanol-induced anemia

Question 39

Often associated with malnutrition

Answer 39

Primary pyridoxine anemia

Question 40

Diagnosis includes: Decrease activity of the enzyme ALA synthase, increase serum iron, increase percent saturation, and decrease TIBC

Answer 40

Sideroblastic anemia

Question 41

Most common of the porphyrias in the United States

Answer 41

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)

Question 42

One of the most common genetic disorders in persons with European ancestry

Answer 42

Hereditary hemochromatosis

Question 43

Characterized as “bronze diabetes”

Answer 43

Hereditary Hemochromstosis

Question 44

Characterized by increased serum iron, increased TIBC, increased % saturation, and increased ferritin

Answer 44

Hereditary Hemochromstosis

Question 45

Characterized by increased serum iron, normal TIBC, normal % saturation, and normal ferritin

Answer 45

Thalassemia minor