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S3 CHEMISTRY > rates of reactions + atoms > Flashcards

rates of reactions + atoms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define variables

A

Something that can be changed in a chemical reaction

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2
Q

Examples of variables?

A

Temprano
Particle size
Concentration
Volume
Mass

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3
Q

What is a fair test?

A

In order to determine what factor is affecting a chemical reaction you must only change one variable at a time.

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4
Q

How do you carry out a fair test?

A

If you only change one variable at a time then you are carrying out a fair test

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5
Q

What do large particles result in

A

A slow reaction

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6
Q

What do small particles result in

A

a fast reaction

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7
Q

What does low concentration result in

A

a slow reaction

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8
Q

What does high concentration result in

A

a fast reaction

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9
Q

What does low temperature result in

A

A slow reaction

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10
Q

What does high temperature result in

A

A fast reaction

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11
Q

What is the effect of particle size on a reaction

A

As particle size decreases - surface area increases - area available for collision increases.

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12
Q

What is the effect of concentration on a reaction

A

Increasing the concentration of reactants- increases the number of collisions

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13
Q

What is the effect of temperature on a reaction

A

As the temperature increases-amount of energy a particle has increases-the faster a particle moves around-more likely particles are to collide-rate of reaction increases

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14
Q

What is the effect of a catalyst on a reaction

A

A substance that speeds up the rate but can be recovered chemically once reaction has given to completion

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15
Q

Explain collision theory?

A

For a chemical reaction to occur the reactant particles must collide this provides the energy to break the bonds in the reactants and from new ones in the product

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16
Q

Explain Successful collisions

A

Not all collisions result in chemical reactions those that do are successful in order for this to happen the must collide with the sufficient energy and correct geometry.

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17
Q

What do all chemical reactions produce

A

New substances

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18
Q

How can the speed of reaction be found?

A

By measuring how fast the new substance is formed

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19
Q

What happens at the A part of the graph(longer sorta straighter bit )

A

Reaction is at its fastest/concentration of reactants is highest

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20
Q

What happens at point B of the graph (still going higher but becoming steeper in middle of graph small)

A

Reaction is decreasing/reactants being used up

21
Q

What happens at pint C on graph(part of line is now horizontal)

A

Reaction is finished (gone to completion) all reactants have been used up+converted to products

22
Q

Reading Particle size on graph

A

If particle size is increasing the slope is less steep and plataeu has no change if it is decreasing slope is steeper and plateau also no change

23
Q

Reading concentration on Graph

A

If it is increasing the slope is steeper and plateau is higher, if it is decreasing the slope is also steeper but plateau is lower

24
Q

Reading temperature of graph

A

If it is increasing the slope is steeper and plateau no change, if it is decreasing slope is less steep but plateau also no change

25
Q

Reading the use of catalyst/enzyme on graph

A

Slope is steeper but plateau no change

26
Q

Reading an increase in mass/volume of graph

A

The slope is unchanged but plateau is higher

27
Q

What do you need to calculate average rate?

A

The initial + final quantities and the time interval

28
Q

What is the formula for finding average rate

A

🔺quantity / 🔺 t

29
Q

What is delta 🔺

A

Change in

30
Q

What units are used in average rate calculations

A

Cm s-1 or cm3/s NOT cm3/s-1

31
Q

Describe periodic table

A

Everything in the world is made up of 118 elements that scientists have classified in to the periodic table and into groups of similar chemical properties

32
Q

Describe the properties of group 1 - Alkali metals

A

Very reactive
Stored under oil
Soft (can be cut with a knife)
React with water to form an alkaline solution
React with oxygen to form metal oxides

33
Q

Describe the properties of groups 2&3 the transition metals

A

Hard and dense
Less reactive than the alkali metals
Used in catalysts
Form coloured compounds

34
Q

Describe group 7 the halogens properties

A

Diatomic elements
All toxic
Florine added to toothpaste to prevent decay
Chlorine added to swimming pools to sterilise
Iodine used to treat wounds

35
Q

Describe the properties of group 8 the noble gases

A

Least reactive of all elements
Do not react

36
Q

What are elements made up of

A

Only one type of atom

37
Q

What are atoms made up of?

A

3 different elementary particles; protons electrons and neutrons

38
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

The centre of the atom contains the protons and neutrons +charge

39
Q

Describe protons

A

+charged found in the nucleus RAM=1

40
Q

Describe electrons

A

-charged found orbiting the nucleus RAM=almost zero

41
Q

Describe neutrons

A

neutral charge located in the nucleus RAM = 1

42
Q

Explain why atoms are neutral

A

Because the number of positively charged protons are equal to the neagativley charged electrons

Also note that the neagative electrons orbit around the positive protons, opposites attract

43
Q

What do elements have associated with them?

A

A symbol and 2 numbers

44
Q

what is the mass number and where is it written

A

The number of protons and neutrons, it is to the left of the symbol on the top

45
Q

what is the atomic number and and where is it written?

A

The number of protons/electrons it is erigen on the left of the symbol on the bottom

46
Q

How is the number of of neutrons calculated?

A

Mass no. - atomic no.

47
Q

Define isotopes

A

Atoms that are of the same element and have the same atomic number but different mass number

48
Q

What do isotopes have?

A

The same chemical properties i.e. all the isotopes of of hydrogen have the same chemical behaviour

S3 CHEMISTRY (2 decks)

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