Rates and Risks Screening

Question 1

count or fequency

Answer 1

a number, a numerator, cases

Question 2

proportion

Answer 2

• a type of ratio where the numerator is part of the denominator
• denominator refers to “of total” or “of the whole”

Question 3

rate

Answer 3

• has a numerator and a denominator

- 3 key elements: frequency, population, and time

Question 4

population at risk

Answer 4

remember that not everyone may be at risk for certain conditions… example prostate cancer

Question 5

morbity

Answer 5

illness

Question 6

mortality/fatality

Answer 6

death

Question 7

incidence

Answer 7

number of new cases

“how many marbles you just tossed in”

Question 8

prevalence

Answer 8

number of total cases

“how many marbles are in the bowl”

Question 9

screening

Answer 9

• presumptive identification of previously unrecognized condition
• meant to be preliminary and will require confirmation of diagnosis

Question 10

reliability

Answer 10

-precision
-ability to give consistent results on repeated usages
-irrelevant if result is correct, incorrect or positive or negative
-purely dependent on variability of condition
-dependent on variability of measurement tool/method
“i missed the target but look at that grouping”

Question 11

validity

Answer 11

-accuracy
-ability to give true measure or correct answer
-dependent on many factors
“i was all over the place but look at these two”

Question 12

measurement bias

Answer 12

constant errors due to measurement device or method

-can be objective (scale or blood pressure cuff) or subjective (clinical function, psychological status)

Question 13

Halo or horns effect

Answer 13

-directional patterns in evaluations or questionnaires all aspects seen in positive or negative light

Question 14

social desirability

Answer 14

questionnaires, open-ended, self-assessments

-answers reflect “ought to be” or “would like” (ideal situations)

Question 15

sensitivity

Answer 15

• correctly identify as diseased those actually with disease

- denominator is condition present

Question 16

specificity

Answer 16

-correctly identify as non-diseased those actually without the disease
denominator is condition absent

Question 17

predictive value (+)

Answer 17

• proportion true + of those screening as +
• denominator is test positive
• gives the probability that positive test actually means a true positive

Question 18

predictive value negative (-)

Answer 18

• proportion true - of those screened as -
• denominator is test negative
• probability that neg test result is a true negative