rate limiting step enzymes Flashcards
cholesterol
HMG-CoA reductase
HMP shunt
glucose-6-dehydrogenase
ketogenesis
HMG-CoA synthase
glycolysis
phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
gluconeogenesis
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
TCA cycle
isocitrate dehydrogenase
glycogenesis
glycogen synthase
glycogenolysis
glycogen phosphorylase
de novo pyrimidine synthesis
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
de novo purine synthesis
glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
urea cycle / ornithine cycle
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
fatty acid synthesis
acetyl-CoA carboxylase
fatty acid oxidation
carnitine acetyltransferase I
metabolism sites in mitochondria
(1) fatty acid oxidation (2) acetyl-CoA production (3) TCA (4) oxidative phosphorylation
metabolism site in both mitochondria and cytoplasm
HUGs take 2: heme synthesis, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis
ATP production
aerobic metabolism of glucose via malate-aspartate shuttle (in heart and liver) –> 32 ATP net.
aerobic metabolism of glucose via glycerol-3-phosphate in shuttle (muscle) –> 30 ATP
anaerobic metabolism of glucose –> 2 ATP
arsenic of ATP production
arsenic causes glycolysis to produce ZERO net ATP
NADH, NADPH, FADH2 carry…
electrons
CoA, and lipoamide carry…
acyl groups
biotin carries…
CO2
tetrahydrofolates carry..
1-carbon units
SAM carry…
CH3 group
TPP carry…
aldehydes
NAD+ vs NADPH
NAD+ generally used in CATABOLIC processes (carry reducing equivalents away). NADPH used in ANABOLIC processes, supply reducing equivalents in steroid, fatty acid synthesis)
