Rate and Extent of Chemical Exchange Flashcards
What are the measurement methods to measure the rate of a reaction?
- Reactant Used: Determined by measuring the quantity of a reactant used over time.
- Product Formed: Determined by measuring the quantity of product formed over time.
What are the equations for the mean rate of reaction?
mean rate of reaction = reactant used/time
mean rate of reaction = product formed/time
What are the factors that affect the rate of a reaction?
Concentration - higher concentration = higher collison frequency and reaction rate
Pressure - higher pressure = increased collision rate and reaction rate
Surface Area - increased surface area = enhances collision frequency
Temperature - higher temperature = faster reactions - increased energy and more successful energetic collisions
Catalysts - lower activation energy
What is the collision theory?
Reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy
What is activation energy?
Minimum energy required for particles to initiate a chemical reaction
what are they, what do they do, what happens to them during a reaction
Catalysts overview
- Catalysts change reaction rates without being consumed
- Catalysts are not used up during the reaction
- Different reactions require specific catalysts
- Enzymes act as catalysts in biological systems
- Catalysts provide an alternative, lower-energy reaction pathway
what is a reversable reaction?
- Products can react to regenerate the original reactants
- Represented as A + B ⇌ C + D
What influences a reversible reaction?
Reversible Nature - Direction of reversible reactions can be altered
Conditions Adjustment - Changing conditions influences the direction of the reaction
Exo and endothermic reversible reactions
- Reversible reactions can exhibit opposite energy changes
- If exothermic in one direction then its endothermic the opposite direction
- Equal energy transfer occurs in each direction
in a reversible reaction when is equilibrium reached?
- Occurs in an apparatus preventing the escape of reactants and products
- Equilibrium is reached when forward and reverse reaction happen at the same rate
what are the effects of changing the conditions at equilibrium
- Relative amounts at equilibrium depend on reaction conditions
- Le Chatelier’s Principle - Predicts system response to changes at equilibrium
- Change response - System adjusts to counteract changes in conditions
What are the effects that concentration change has at equilibrium?
Alters equilibrium, concentrations shift until a new equilibrium is attained
Reactant Concentration Increase - More products formed until a new equilibrium is established
Product Concentration Decrease - More reactants react until a new equilibrium is established
What are the effects temperature change has at equilibrium?
- Temperature Increase Impact:
Endothermic Reaction: Relative product amount increases.
Exothermic Reaction: Relative product amount decreases. - Temperature Decrease Impact:
Endothermic Reaction: Relative product amount decreases.
Exothermic Reaction: Relative product amount increases.
What effects does pressure change has at equilibrium?
- impact of Pressure Increase:
Shift: Towards the side with fewer molecules. - Impact of Pressure Decrease:
Shift: Towards the side with more molecules
