Raptor stuff Flashcards
What class name includes all birds
“Aves”
What order is used for Bird of Prey/Raptors and what are the characteristics of these animals
“Falconiformes”
- Hooked bills
- soft skin at base of bill
- Sharp curved talons
- Opposable hind toes
- Keen vision
In diurnal BOP is there sexual dimorphism
Same coloration between sexes but females tend to be larger. Most birds have a fusiform body shape (rounded and tapered at ends) to reduce drag
Name 4 types of wing feathers and their uses
- Primary flight feathers are the largest, connected to hard bones, and are used for propulstions during flight
- Secondary flight feathers fun along the forearm and provide lift in flight
- Alula feathers are small feathers attached to the thumb bone and increase lift by reducing air turbulence
- Covert feathers cover the base of the flight feathers allowing smooth airflow
How does wing shape differ between birds
Depend on bird’s foraging behavior.
-Falcons have relatively long, narrow, and sharply angles wings for chasing or diving.
- Hawks have short, rounded wings for short bursts of speed and manuverability while chasing prey in dense vegetation
- Osprey have long, rounded wings for stablility when flying close to water/land seeking prey
What are the components of the eye in BOP
- Protected by an upper and lower eyelid
- also has a nictitating mebrane that moves across the eye to keep the eye moist
- Most hawks, eagles, and falcons have a distinctive shelf (eyebrow) above and in front of the eye thought to shade and provide some protection to the eye
What are the components of the beak in BOP
- Made of bone and covered in keratin places
- Strongly hooked at the tip and sharp on edges
- Base of the upper bill is soft and fleshy
What are the components of the tail in BOP
- Tail feathers are attached to the pygostyle (tail bone)
- Tail shape and length depends on bird’s hunting technique
- Falons (fast, open flight) tend to have short tails
- Hawks (fast maneuverability) have long tails
- Forked tails provide extra lift as birds fly at slow speed to get insects
What are the components of the skin in BOP
- Stored fat attached to the innermost layer of skin helps prevent heat loss and provide energy during migration
- Smooth muscles in the skin allow birds to fluff feathers (trapping air for insulation)
- Most birds have a uropygial (preen gland) located on the upper surface of the rump and covered by feathers. Gland secretes oils believed to help waterproof feathers and condition exposed skin
What are the 6 types of feathers and their uses
- Vaned feathers (two types): contour feathers used for streamlining and flight feathers
- Down feathers: short, fluffy, insulating feathers usually under contour feathers
- Semiplume feathers: intermediate in structure between contour and down feathers, mainly used for insulation
- Filoplume feathers: long whiplike shafts usually assocaited with flight feathers believed to have a sensory funtion
- Bristels: modified, vaneless contour feathers found around the eyes, nostrils, or mouth, thought to protect these parts
- Powder down feathers: only feathers that continuously grow, scattered throughout and tips crumble into a powder to waterproof and preserve feathers
What are the characteristics of molting in BOP
- Most birds molt once a year after the breeding season
- Feathers are molted in sequential pattersn so at no time are birds flightless
- Most birds take 4-8 weeks to molt but large eagles may take two years
- Some birds molt for a couple months, stop while migrating, then resume in their winter quarters
What does migration look like in most BOP
- True migration involves a seasonal movement between breeding regions and a nonbreeding/wintering region
- Migration is used to enhance chances of survival for birds with harsh wintering breeding grounds and to allow them to have a place w/ abundant resources for young
- Most routes have a north and south direction
- Migrating birds have an internal calendar start migration
- Most diurnal BOP are not true migrators
What is the eyesight of BOP like
- Eyes are proportionally larger than other vertebrates allowing larger and sharper visual images
- Retina have more rods and cones allowing better visual acuity
- BOP have two fovea (humans have one) allowing them to see a wider range of colors and UV light
- have more sensory cells in the upper half of the retina allowing them to see above them better and is why they scan the sky with head upside down
- Thought that birds of prey have vision 3x better than humans but depends on bird
what are some of the characteristics of vocalizations in BOP
- Typically vocalize in defense of territory and when courting mates
- Vocals are not melodic but a series of short, loud calls/whistles
What tastes are birds of prey able to sense
sweet, salt, sour, and bitter
What are tominal teeth
cutting edges on the upper bill that match grooves on the lower bill
What are zygodactyl feet
When birds have two toes that point forward and two toes that point backward
What enables owls to turn their heads to ____ degree
270 degrees; they have double the neck vertebrae that humans do (14)
What groups of birds prefer what certain foods
Most vultures prefer only carrion, larger falcons and some hawks eat mostly birds, other hawks tend to feed on mammals
How does the size of a bird affect how much a bird eats
Smaller birds usually eat proportionally more than larger birds do as they tend to lose body heat faster
How does sexual maturity differentiate between bird species
Smaller birds tend to reach maturity faster. Hawks and falcons start to breed around 1-2 years while large eagles start to breed at 4-9 years
What sense in BOP are better than humans
Sight and taste
What is the unit code for the barn
352
What is the unit code for the Zoo building
361
What is the unit code for Tim
303
What is the unit code for pasture
353
What is the uint code for BOP
364
What is the unit code for the wolf team
371
What is the unit code for the Barn sup/eric
350
what is the order of safety
Guests, team members, and animals
What is the procedure for code zebra green/yellow
- Keep track of the animal.
- Radio call should be made on zone 1 channel 6, state unit number then “all units I have code zebra (color)
- Call unit 350 (barn sup) and Tim
What animals are classified under code yellow, green, and red
Red: wolves
Yellow:Fox, serval, Clydesdale, eagle, or snake over 6ft
Green: any others
What is the procedure for code zebra red if the animal is outside its pen but still in containment
- Senior most trainer will tell other staff to radio security to call “Code zebra red” then Tim
- Trainer then radios “All zoo units please switch to wolf talk zone 4 channel 4 to monitor”
- Designated staff “shooter” will get dart gun and needed supplies
- Trainer authorized to go free contact are allowed to use positive reinforcement to get animal to its pen, if not authorized trainers need to get to safety
- If not cooperative, senor most member will be required to dart animal
What is the procedure for a code zebra red if the animal is outside its perimeter but within the park
- Notify security about code zebra red and whereabouts, if known
- All zoo switch to wolf channel to assist and monitor the situation
- Once escaped animal is located, security and ops will close appropriate areas and park ops manager is responsible for park evacuation is appropriate
- Unit 350 will assimilate recature equipment and transport it to the animal’s location
What are the types of agression
- Social
- Hormonal
- Behavioral
- Physical duress
What are the types of behavioral agression and examples of them
- Schedule-induced (predictability)
- Response to aversive stimulus (startled animals)
- Response to conditioned stimulus (accidental shaping of agression)
- Observational learning (ganging up)
- Play that leads to aggression
What are the estimated number of today’s existing species? Of those, how many are identified?
estimated 30 million, 1.4 million identified
How long do eggs incubate for
4-7 weeks according to species
What is the scientific name for a Eurasian Eagle Owl
Bubo bubo
What is the main difference between Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical bx works with reflex bxs while operant conditioning works with voluntary bxs and requires a relationship btwn bx and env
