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RAPID REVIEW KEY ASSOCIATIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

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2
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

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3
Q

Vitamin deficiency (USA)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

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4
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

pneumoniae

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5
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus/E coli/Listeria monocytogenes (newborns), S pneumoniae/N meningitidis (kids/teens)

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6
Q

HLA-DR3

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (also associated with HLA-DR5), Addison disease

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7
Q

HLA-DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease

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8
Q

H pylori

A

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg, adenocarcinoma, MALToma)

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9
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

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10
Q

Helminth infection (US) PICA CULO

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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11
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

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12
Q

Infection 2° to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

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13
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S aureus, B cereus

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14
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S aureus (most common overall)

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15
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

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16
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus

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17
Q

UTI

A

E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

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18
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)

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19
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram ⊝ rods(BACTEROIDES absceso)

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20
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae

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21
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S aureus, E coli, Aspergillus (catalase ⊕)

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22
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > kidney, thyroid, lung

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23
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > melanoma, colon, kidney

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24
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

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25
Q

S3 heart sound

A

ventricular filling pressure (eg, mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

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26
Q

S4 heart sound

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

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27
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

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28
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

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29
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic stenosis

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30
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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31
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

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32
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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33
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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34
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return,
tricuspid atresia

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35
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

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36
Q

Hypertension, 2°

A

Renal artery stenosis(fibromuscular dysplasia), chronic kidney disease (eg, polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy),
hyperaldosteronism

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37
Q

Aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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38
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

Atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor

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39
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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40
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

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41
Q

Aortic dissection

A

Hypertension

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42
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

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43
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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44
Q

Endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium

A 
S aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridans streptococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon
cancer), culture negative (Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)
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45
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

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46
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco) vessels in extremities

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47
Q

Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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48
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”)

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49
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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50
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

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51
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism

52
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)

53
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

54
Q

1° hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

55
Q

2° hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

56
Q

Cushing syndrome ƒ

A
  • Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy) ƒ -Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
  • ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease) ƒ
  • Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
57
Q

1° hyperaldosteronism

A

Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma

58
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

59
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

60
Q

Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or, pancreas), associated with MEN1

61
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

62
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

63
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

64
Q

Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

65
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause 379 pernicious anemia)

66
Q

Gastric cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

67
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

68
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

69
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

70
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C, 392 alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)

71
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

72
Q

1° liver cancer

A 
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis,  hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson
disease)
73
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

74
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

75
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” andrisk
of hepatocellular carcinoma)

76
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

77
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

78
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency

79
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

80
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

81
Q

von Willebrand disease

A

high bleeding time and ptt

82
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL

83
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

84
Q

Type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

85
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

86
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor 430 oncogene)

87
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

88
Q

1° bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

89
Q

Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ∼ 65, CML: 432, adult 45–85

90
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

91
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with
ALL

92
Q

Vertebral compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

93
Q

HLA-B27

A

Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)

94
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

95
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)

96
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

97
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari I malformation

98
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

99
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

100
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

101
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

102
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

103
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including 526 glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

104
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma

105
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or 528 supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

106
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

107
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column fibers

A 
Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis), subacute combined 530 degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal,
spinocerebellar tracts affected)
108
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Membranous nephropathy

109
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

110
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

111
Q

Kidney stones

A

Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease
⊕ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and
S saprophyticus)
Uric acid = radiolucent
Cystine = faintly radiopaque

112
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO,
renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

113
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

114
Q

1° amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)

115
Q

Kallmann syndrome

A

(hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

Neuron migration failure

116
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

117
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

118
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

119
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

120
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

121
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

122
Q

Breast tumor (benign, young woman)

A

Fibroadenoma

123
Q

Breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

124
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive),placental ALP

125
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (eg, HF), lung disease (eg, COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg, OSA), thromboembolic (eg, PE)

126
Q

Virchow triad (^`risk of thrombosis)

A

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

127
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

hypernatremia

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