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Rapid Review Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)

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2
Q

Achilles tendon xanthoma

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia (low LDL receptor signaling)

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3
Q

Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)

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4
Q

Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyper flexible joints

A

Marfans syndrome (fibrillin defect)

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5
Q

Athlete with polycythemia

A

Erythropoietin injection

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6
Q

Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss

A

Potts disease (vertebral TB)

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7
Q

Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

A

Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)

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8
Q

Blue sclera

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)

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9
Q

Bluish line on gingiva

A

Burton’s line (lead poisoning)

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10
Q

Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis

A

Paget’s disease of bone (increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)

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11
Q

Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing

A

Aortic regurgitation

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12
Q

Butterfly facial rash and Raynaud’s phenomenon in a young female

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

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13
Q

Cafe au lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma)

A

Neurofibromatosis type I (+ pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas)

Neurofibromatosis type II (+bilateral acoustic neuromas)

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14
Q

Cafe au lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty

A

McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G protien signaling mutation)

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15
Q

Calf pseudohypertrophy

A

Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchennes): X linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene

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16
Q

Cherry red spot on macular

A

Tay Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation); central retinal artery occlusion

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17
Q

Chest pain on exertion

A

Angina (stable: moderate exertion; unstable: minimal exertion)

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18
Q

Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI

A

Dressler’s syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 wks after acute episode)

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19
Q

Child uses arms to stand up from squat

A

Gowers sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)

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20
Q

Child with fever develops red rash on face that spread to body

A

Slapped cheeks (erythema infectiosum/ fifth disease: parvovirus B19)

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21
Q

Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration

A

Huntington’s disease (AD CAG repeat expansion)

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22
Q

Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria

A

McArdle’s disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)

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23
Q

cold intolerance

A

hypothyroidism

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24
Q

conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral=multiple sclerosis; unilateral=stroke)

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25
Q

continuous “machinery” heart murmur

A

PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol)

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26
Q

cutaneous/dermal edema d/t connective tissue deposition

A

myxedema (c/b hypothyroidism, Graves’ dz=pretibial)

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27
Q

dark purple skin/ mouth nodules

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma (usually AIDS pts; a/w HHV-8)

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28
Q

deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation

A

Kussmaul breathing (diabetic ketoacidosis)

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29
Q

dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea

A

pellagra (niacin=vit B3 deficiency)

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30
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy

A

wet beriberi (thiamine=vit b1 deficiency)

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31
Q

dog or cat bite resulting in infection

A

Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)

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32
Q

dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis

A

Sjogren’s syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)

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33
Q

dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)

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34
Q

elastic skin, hypermobility of joints

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type III collagen defect)

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35
Q

enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node

A

Virchow’s node (abdominal metastasis)

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36
Q

erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells

A

Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T cell lymphoma) or mycosis fungoides

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37
Q

facial muscle spasm upon tapping

A

Chvostek’s sign (hypocalcemia)

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38
Q

fat, female, forty, fertile

A

Acute cholelithasis (bile duct blockage)

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39
Q

fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic tx for syphilis

A

Jarisch-Herxheimer rxn (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)

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40
Q

fever, cough, conjunctivits, coryza, diffuse rash

A

measles (morbillivirus)

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41
Q

fever, night sweats, wt loss

A

B symptoms (lymphoma)

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42
Q

fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis

A

Peyronie’s dz (connective tissue disorder)

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43
Q

gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X linked recessive)

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44
Q

green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea

A

Kayser-Fleisher rings (copper accumulation from Wilson’s disease)

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45
Q

hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands

A

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; increased cancer risk)

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46
Q

hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic sx

A

Gaucher’s dz (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)

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47
Q

hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts

A

Alport syndrome (mutation in alpha chain of collagen IV)

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48
Q

hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)

A

Trousseau’s syndrome - adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung; a/w migratory thrombophlebitis

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49
Q

hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)

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50
Q

hyperreflexia, hypertonia, positive Babinski

A

UMN damage

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51
Q

hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn’s syndrome

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52
Q

hyporefleixa, hypotonia, atrophy

A

LMN damage

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53
Q

hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia

A

Blue bloater - chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells

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54
Q

indurated ulcerated genital lesion

A

nonpainful = chancre (primary syphilis, Treponema pallidum)

painful, with exudate = chancroid (Haemophilius ducreyi)

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55
Q

infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration

A

Niemann-Pick dz (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)

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56
Q

infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive and hepatosplenomegaly

A

Cori’s dz (debranching enzyme deficiency)

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57
Q

infant with microcephaly, rocker bottom feet, clenched hands and structural heart defect

A

Edwards’ syndrome (trisomy 18)

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58
Q

Keratin pearls on skin bx

A

squamous cell carcionoma

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59
Q

large rash with bulls eye appearance

A

erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme dz = borrelia)

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60
Q

lucid interval after traumatic brain injury

A

epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)

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61
Q

male child, recurrent infxns, no mature B cells

A

Bruton’s dz (X linked agammaglobulinemia)

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62
Q

mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time

A

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation d/t lack of GpIIb/IIIa)

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63
Q

multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumerary teeth

A

Gardner’s syndrome (subtype of FAP)

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64
Q

myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), exercise intolerance

A

Pompe’s dz (lysosomal alpha 1,4 glucosidase def)

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65
Q

necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Wegener’s (cANCA) and Goodpasture’s syndromes (anti-Basement memb Abs)

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66
Q

neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk C5-6 brachial plexus injury - waiter’s tip)

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67
Q

no lactation pospartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance

A

Sheehan’s syndrome (pituitary infarction)

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68
Q

nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

multiple sclerosis

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69
Q

oscillating slow/ fast breathing

A

Cheyne Stokes respiration (central apnea in CHF or increased ICP)

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70
Q

painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia

A

cold agglutinin dz (autoimmune hemolytic anemia c/b Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)

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71
Q

painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles

A

Osler’s node (infective endocarditis)

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72
Q

painless jaundice

A

cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct

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73
Q

palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abd pain (child)

A

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)

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74
Q

pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors

A

MEN 1 (AD)

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75
Q

pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation

A

pink puffer = emphysema: centroacina (smoking), panacina (alpha1-antitrypsin def)

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76
Q

polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances

A

Fanconi’s syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)

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77
Q

positive anterior drawer sign

A

ACL injury

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78
Q

ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis

A

Horner’s syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)

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79
Q

pupil accommodates but doesn’t react

A

Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)

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80
Q

rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascending (following GI/URI)

A

Guillain Barre syndrome - autoimm acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

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81
Q

rash on palms and soles

A

Coxsackie A, secondary syphilis, Rocky mountain spotted fever

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82
Q

recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE

A

hyper-IgE syndrome (Job’s syndrome: neurotphil chemotaxis abnl)

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83
Q

red “currant jelly” sputum in alcoholic or diabetic pts

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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84
Q

red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola

A

Paget’s dz of breast (represents underlying neoplasm)

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85
Q

red urine in morning, fragile RBCs

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

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86
Q

renal cell carcinoma (bilat), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma

A

von-Hippel Lindau dz (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation_

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87
Q

resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability

A

Parkinson’s dz) nigrostrital dopamine depletion_

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88
Q

retinal hemorrhages with pale centers

A

Roth’s spots (bacterial endocarditis_

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89
Q

severe jaundice in neonate

A

Crigler=Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

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90
Q

severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness

A

McBurney’s sign (appendicitis)

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91
Q

short statue, increased incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia

A

Fanconi’s anemia - genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair; often progresses to AML

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92
Q

single palm crease

A

Simian crease - Down syndrome

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93
Q

situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility

A

Kartagener’s syndrome (dynein arm defect affecting cilia_

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94
Q

skin hyperpigmentation

A

Addison’s dz (primary adrenocortical insufficiency causes increased ACTH and alpha-MSH production)

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95
Q

slow, progressive muscle weaknes sin boys

A

Becker’s muscular dystrophy (X linked missense mut in dystorphin; less severe than Duchenne’s)

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96
Q

small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers

A

Koplik spots (measles; rubeola virus)

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97
Q

smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals

A

condylomata lata (secondary syphilis)

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98
Q

splinter hemorrhages in fingernails

A

bacterial endocarditis

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99
Q

strawberry tongue

A

scarlet fever, Kawasaki dz, toxic shock syndrome

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100
Q

streak ovaries, congenital heart dz, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth

A

Turner syndrome (45XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema)

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101
Q

sudden swollen/painful big toe join, tophi

A

Gout/ podagra (hyperuricemia)

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102
Q

swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin

A

scurvy (vit C deficiency - can’t hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)

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103
Q

swollen, hard, painful finger joints

A

osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP=Bouchard’s nodes; DIP=Heberden’s nodes)

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104
Q

systolic ejection murmur (crescendo/decrescendo)

A

aortic vavle stenosis

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105
Q

thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma

A

MEN 2A (AD ret mutation)

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106
Q

thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis

A

MEN 2B (AD ret mutation)

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107
Q

toe extension/ fanning upon plantar scrape

A

Babinski sign (UMN lesion)

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108
Q

unilateral facial drooping involving forehead

A

Bell’s palsy (LMN CN VII palsy)

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109
Q

urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male

A

reactive arthritis a/w HLA-B27

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110
Q

vascular birthmark (port wine stain)

A

hemangioma (benign, but a/w Sturge-Weber syndrome)

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111
Q

vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic pts)

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112
Q

waxy casts with very low urine flow

A

chronic end stage renal dz

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113
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

acute pyelonephritis

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114
Q

wt loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy

A

Whipple’s dz (tropheryma whippelii)

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115
Q

worst headache of my life

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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116
Q

anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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117
Q

antidesmoglein (epithelial) Abs

A

pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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118
Q

anti-glomerular basement membrane Abs

A

Goodpastrue’s syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis_

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119
Q

antihistone Abs

A

drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

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120
Q

anti-IgG Abs

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)

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121
Q

antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal HTN)

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122
Q

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)

A

vasculitis (c-ANCA: Wegener’s; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg Strauss syndrome)

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123
Q

antinuclear Abs (ANAs: anti-smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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124
Q

antiplatelet Abs

A

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

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125
Q

anti-topoisomerase Abs

A

diffuse systemic scleroderma

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126
Q

anti-transgluatminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial Abs

A

Celiac dz

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127
Q

apple core lesion on abdominal x ray

A

colorectal cancer (usually left sided)

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128
Q

azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts

A

Auer rods (AML, espec the promyelocytic (M3) type)

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129
Q

bacitracin response

A

sensitive: strep pyogene (group A)
resistant: strep agalactiae (group B)

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130
Q

bamboo spine on x ray

A

ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA B27)

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131
Q

basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (d/t splenectomy or non-fct’l spleen)

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132
Q

basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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133
Q

bloody tap on LP

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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134
Q

boot shaped heart on x ray

A

tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

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135
Q

branching gram-poistive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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136
Q

bronchogenic apical lung tumor

A

pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cuase Horner’s syndroem_

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137
Q

brown tumor of bone

A

hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to:
hyperparathyoridism or osteitis fibrosa cystica

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138
Q

cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagas’ dz (trypanosoma cruzi)

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139
Q

cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule

A

rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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140
Q

chocolate cyst of ovary

A

endometriosis - frequently involves both ovaries

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141
Q

circular grouping of dark tumor cells surroudnign pale neurofibrils

A

Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)

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142
Q

colonies of mucoid pseudomonas in lungs

A

cystic fibrosis (AR mutation to CFTR resulting in fat soluble vit deficiency and mucous plugs)

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143
Q

decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosmoal abnl

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144
Q

degeneration of dorsal column nerves

A

Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)

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145
Q

depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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146
Q

desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann’s spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

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147
Q

disarrayed granulosa cels in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of ovary)

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148
Q

dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

A

koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical caner)

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149
Q

enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

Owl’s eye appearance of CMV

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150
Q

enlarged htyroid cells with ground glass nuclei

A

orphan Annie eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of thyroid)

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151
Q

eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory bodies (alocholic liver dz)

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152
Q

eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body (Parkinson’s dz)

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153
Q

eosinophilic globule in liver

A

councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

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154
Q

eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells

A

rabies virus - lyssavirus

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155
Q

extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

senile plaques (alzheimer’s dz)

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156
Q

giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl’s eye)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkins lymphoma)

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157
Q

glomerulus like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

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158
Q

hair on end (crew cut) appearance on x ray

A

beta thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)

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159
Q

hCG elevated

A

choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)

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160
Q

heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

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161
Q

heterophile antibodies

A

infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

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162
Q

hexagonal, double pointed, needle like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

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163
Q

high level of D dimers

A

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

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164
Q

hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify_

A

ghon complex (primary TB: mycobacterium bacilli)

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165
Q

honeycomb lung on x ray

A

interstitial fibrosis

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166
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic sx; folate deficiency: no neurologic sx)

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167
Q

hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)

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168
Q

increased alpha fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/ maternal serum

A

dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida 9neural tube defects)

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169
Q

increased uric acid levels

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

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170
Q

intranuclear eosinophilic droplet like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV, CMV)

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171
Q

iron containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)

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172
Q

large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immuonodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higashi dz (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

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173
Q

lead pipe appearance of colon on x ray

A

ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

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174
Q

linear appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

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175
Q

low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s dz (hepatolenticular degeneration)

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176
Q

lumpy bumpy appearance of glomeurli on IF

A

poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis - immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b

177
Q

lytic bone lesions on x ray

A

multiple myeloma

178
Q

mammary gland (blue domed) cyst

A

fibrocystic change of breast

179
Q

monoclonal Ab spike

A
  1. multiple myeloma (called M protein; usually IgG or IgA)
  2. monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance - MGUS; nl consequnce of aging
  3. Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia ( M protein = IgM)
  4. primary amyloidosis
180
Q

monoclonal globulin protein in blood/ urine

A

Bence Jones protein (multiple myeloma - kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine), Waldenstroms’ macroglobulinemia (IgM)

181
Q

mucin filled cells with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

182
Q

narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph

A

string sign - Crohn’s dz

183
Q

needle shaped, negative birefringent crystals

A

gout (monosodium urate crystals)

184
Q

nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

185
Q

novobiocin response

A

sensitive: staph epidermidis
resistant: staph saprophyticus

186
Q

nutmeg liver

A

chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

187
Q

onion skin periosteal reaction

A

Ewing’s sarcoma - malignant round cell tumor

188
Q

optochin response

A

sensitive: strep pneumoniae
resistant: viridans strep

189
Q

periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman’s triangle on x ray - osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis

190
Q

podocyte fusion on EM

A

minimal change disease - child with nephrotic syndrome

191
Q

polished, ivory like appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

eburnation - osteoarthriits resulting in bony sclerosis

192
Q

protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau

A

neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer’s dz and CJD) and Pick’s bodies (Pick’s dz)

193
Q

pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

glioblastoma multiforme

194
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

acute glomerulonephritis

195
Q

rectangular, crystal like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals - Leydig cell tumor

196
Q

renal epithelial casts in urine

A

acute toxic/viral nephrosis

197
Q

rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

pseudogout - calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate

198
Q

rib notching

A

coarctation of aorta

199
Q

ring enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

A

toxoplasma gondii

200
Q

sheets of medium sized lymphoid cells - starry sky appearance on histology

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma - t(8;14) c myc activation, a/w EBV; black sky - made up of malignant cells

201
Q

silver staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies (Pick’s dz: progressive dementia, changes in personality)

202
Q

soap bubble in femur or tibia on x ray

A

giant cell tumor of bone - gneerally benign

203
Q

spikes on basement membrane, dome like subepithelial deposits

A

membranous glomerulonephritis - may progress to nephrotic syndrome

204
Q

stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation - high ESR, multiple myeloma

205
Q

stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

clue cells - Gardnerella vaginalis

206
Q

tennis racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules - histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma

207
Q

thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

208
Q

thumb sign on lateral x ray

A

epiglottitis - H. influenzae

209
Q

thyroid like appearance of kidney

A

chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

210
Q

tram track appearance of LM

A

membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

211
Q

triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

fatty liver dz - alcoholic or metabolic syndrome

212
Q

WBCs that look smudged

A

CLL - almost always B cell; affects elderly

213
Q

wire loop glomerular appearance on LM

A

lupus nephropathy

214
Q

yellow CSF

A

xanthochromia - previous subarachnoid hemorrhage

215
Q

absence sz

A

ethosuximide

216
Q

acute gout attack

A

NSAIDs, colchicine

217
Q

acute promyelocytic leukemia - M3

A

all-trans retinoic acid

218
Q

ADHD

A

methylphenidat,e amphetamines

219
Q

alcohol abuse

A

AA + disulfiram

220
Q

alcohol withdrawal

A

benzodiazepines

221
Q

anorexia

222
Q

anticoagulation during pregnancy

223
Q

anxiety

224
Q

arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue

A

class IB antiarrhythmic - lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide

225
Q

B12 deficiency

226
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

tamsulosin, finasteride

227
Q

bipolar disorder

A

lithium, valproate, carbamazepine - mood stabilizers

228
Q

breast cancer in post menopausal women

A

aromataise inhibitor

229
Q

buerger’s disease

A

smoking cessation

230
Q

bulimia

231
Q

Candida albicans

A

amphotericin B (systemic), mystatin (oral thrush, esophagitis)

232
Q

carcinoid syndrome

A

octreotide

233
Q

chlamydia trachomatis

A

doxycycline (+ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erythromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants)

234
Q

chronic gout

A

probenecid (Underexcretor)

allopurinol (overproducer)

235
Q

chronic hepatitis

236
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia

237
Q

clostridium botulinum

238
Q

clostridium difficile

A

oral metronidazole

239
Q

clostridium tetani

A

antitoxin + vaccine booster + diazepam

240
Q

Crohn’s dz

A

corticosteroids, infliximab

241
Q

cryptotoccous neoformans

A

fluconazole (prophylaxis in AIDS pts)

242
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

N-acetylcysteine and antipseudomonal prophylaxis (tobramycin/azithromycin)

243
Q

cytomegalovirus

A

ganciclovir

244
Q

depression

245
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

desmopressin (central)

HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)

246
Q

DM type 1

A

dietary intervention and insulin replacement

247
Q

DM type 2

A

diet, oral hypoglycemic and insulin (possible)

248
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A

fluids, insulin, K+

249
Q

enterococci

A

vancomycin/ampicillin and aminoglycoside

250
Q

erectile dysfct

A

sildenafil

251
Q

ER-positive breast CA

252
Q

ethylene glycol/methanol intoxication

A

fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)

253
Q

folate deficiency

254
Q

H. flu

A

rifampin (prophylaxis)

255
Q

hemorrhagic cystitis

256
Q

heparin toxicity (acute)

A

protamine sulfate

257
Q

HER2/neu positive breast CA

A

trastuzumab

258
Q

hyperaldosteronism

A

spirnolactone

259
Q

hypercholesterolemia

260
Q

hypertriglyceridemia

261
Q

immediate anticoagulation

262
Q

infertility

A

leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile)

263
Q

influenza

A

oseltamivir, amantadine/rimantadine

264
Q

legionella penumophila

A

erythromycin

265
Q

long term anticoag

266
Q

malaria

A

chloroquine/mefloquine (for glood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnazoite)

267
Q

malignant hyperthermia

A

dantrolene

268
Q

medical abortion

A

mifepristone

269
Q

migraine

A

sumatriptan

270
Q

MRSA

A

vancomycin

271
Q

multiple sclerosis

272
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

rifampin, INH, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin

273
Q

neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

ceftriaxone - add doxycycline to cover likely chlamydia concurrent infxn

274
Q

neisseria meningitidis

A

pencillin/ ceftriaxone, rifampin - prophylaxis

275
Q

neural tube defect prevention

276
Q

osteolmalacia/ rickets

A

vit D supplementation

277
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

indomethacin

278
Q

pheocrhomocytoma

A

alpha antagonists

279
Q

pneumocysti jiroveci

A

TMP-SMX - prophylax in AIDS pts

280
Q

prolactinoma

A

bromocriptine - DA agonists

281
Q

prostate CA/ uterine fibroids

A

leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)

282
Q

prostate carcinoma

283
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

antipseduomonal penicillin and aminoglycoside

284
Q

pulmonary HTN

285
Q

rickettsia rickettsii

A

doxycycline, chloramphenicol - espec with aplastic anemia

286
Q

ringworm infection

A

terbinafine, griseofulvin, imidazole

287
Q

schizophrenia - neg sx

A

5-HT2a antagonists - olanzapine

288
Q

schizophrenia - positive sx

A

D2 - R antagonists

289
Q

SIADH

A

demeclocycline, lithium

290
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hydroxyurea - increases HbF

291
Q

sprothrix schenckii

292
Q

stable angina

A

sublingual nitroglycerin

293
Q

staph aureus

A

methicillin/nafcillin

294
Q

strep bovis

A

penicillin prophylaxis

295
Q

strep pneumoniae

A

penicillin/cephalosprin - systemic infxn, pneumonia

vanco - meningitis

296
Q

strep pygoenes

A

penicillin prophylaxis

297
Q

temporal arteritis

A

high dose steroids

298
Q

tonic clonic sz

A

phenytoin, valproate, carabamazepine

299
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine

300
Q

treponema palldium

A

penicillin

301
Q

trichomonas vaginalis

A

metronidazole - pt and partner

302
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

5-ASA, infliximab

303
Q

UTI prophylaxis

304
Q

warfarin toxicity

A

FFP (acute), vitamin K (chronic)

305
Q

Wegener’s granulomatosis

A

cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids

306
Q

actinic (solar) keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

307
Q

acute gastric ulcer a/w CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer - increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion

308
Q

acute gastric ulcer a/w severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer - greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa

309
Q

alternating areas of transmural inflamm and nl colon

A

skip lesions = crohn’s dz

310
Q

aneurysm, dissecting

311
Q

aortic aneurysm, abd and descending aorta

A

atherosclerosis

312
Q

aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome - idiopathic cystic medial degeneration

313
Q

atrophy of mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy - thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and confusion

314
Q

autopslenectomy - fibrosis and shrinkage

A

sickle cell anemia HbS

315
Q

bacteria a/w gastritis, peptic ulcer dz and sotmach CA

316
Q

bacterial meningitis - adults and elderly

A

strep pneumoniae

317
Q

bacterial meningitis - newborns and kids

A

Group B strep - newborns

Strep pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis - kids

318
Q

benign melanocytic nevus

A

spitz nevus - most common in first 2 decades

319
Q

bleeding d/o with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard Soulier dz - defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor

320
Q

brain tumor - adults

A

supratentorial: mets>astrocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>schwannoma

321
Q

brain tumor - kids

A

infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

322
Q

breast CA

A

infiltrating ductal carcinoma (1/9 women in US)

323
Q

breast mass

A

fibrocystic change

carcinoma in postmenopausal women

324
Q

breast tumor (benign)

A

fibroadenoma

325
Q

cardiac primary tumor - kids

A

rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

326
Q

cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis - nonbacterial, affecting both sides f mitral valves

327
Q

cardiac tumor (adults)

A

metastasis

primary myxoma - usually L atrium

328
Q

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformaiton - often p/w progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia

329
Q

chronic arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation - a/w high risk of emboli

330
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis - autoimmune

A

predisposition to gastric CA - can also cause pernicious anemia

331
Q

clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

332
Q

compression fracture

A

osteoporosis - type I: postmenopausal women

type II: elderly man or woman

333
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypoTN

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

334
Q

congenital cardiac anomaly

335
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia - black liver

A

dubin-johnson syndrome - inaility of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile

336
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

TB - in developing world

SLE - in developed world

337
Q

coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

338
Q

cretinism

A

iodine deficit/ hypothyroidism

339
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

corticosteroid Rx
excess ACT secretion by pituitary
small cell lung CA (paraneoplastic)

340
Q

cyanosis (early; less common)

A

tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

341
Q

cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

342
Q

death in CML

A

blast crisis

343
Q

death in SLE

A

lupus nephropathy

344
Q

dementia

A

Alzheimer’s dz

multiple infarcts

345
Q

demyelinating dz in young women

346
Q

DIC

A

gram negative sepsis, obstetric complications, CA, burn, trauma

347
Q

dietary deficit

348
Q

diveritculum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum - dx’d by barium swallo

349
Q

ejection click

A

aortic/pulmonic stensosi

350
Q

esophageal CA

A

squamous cell CA (worldwide)

adenoCA (in US)

351
Q

food poisoning - exotoxin mediated

A

staph aureus, B. cereus

352
Q

glomerulonephritis - adults

A

Berger’s dz - IgA nephropathy

353
Q

gynecologic maignancy

A

endometrial carcinoma - most common in US

cervical carcinoma - most common worldwide

354
Q

heart murmur, congenital

A

mitral valve prolapse

355
Q

heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral - rheumatic fever
tricuspid - IV drug abuse
aortic - 2nd affected in rheumatic fever

356
Q

helminth infection (US)

A

enterobius vermicularis

ascaris lumbricoides

357
Q

hematoma - epidural

A

rupture of middle meningeal artery - trauma; lentiform shaped

358
Q

hematoma - subdural

A

rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

359
Q

hemochromatosis

A

multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation - can result in CHF, bronze diabetes and increased risk of HCC

360
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhotic liver - a/w hep B and C

361
Q

hereditary bleeding d/o

A

von Willebrand’s dz

362
Q

hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome - benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

363
Q

HLA B27

A

ankylosing sponydlitis, Reiter’s syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

364
Q

HLA DR3 or DR4

A

DM type I, RA, SLE

365
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurg, mitral regurg

366
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad - results in venous thrombosis

367
Q

HTN, secondary

368
Q

hypoparathyrodisim

A

ccidnetal excision during thyroidectomy

369
Q

hypopituitarism

A

pituitary adenoma - usually benign

370
Q

infxn 2/2 blood transfusion

371
Q

infections in chronic granulomatous dz

A

staph aureus, e coli, aspergillus (catalase positive)

372
Q

kidney stones

A

calcium = radioopaque
struvite (ammonium) = radioopaque - formed by urease-positive organisms such as proteus or staphy
uric acid = radiolucent

373
Q

late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L –> R becomes R –> L)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome - c/b ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulm HTN/polycythemia

374
Q

liver dz

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

375
Q

lysosomal storage dz

A

Gaucher’s dz

376
Q

male CA

A

prostatic CA

377
Q

malignancy a/w noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkins lymphoma

378
Q

malignant skin tumor

A

basal cell carcinoma - rarely metastasizes

379
Q

mental retardation

A

Down syndrome

fragile X syndrome

380
Q

metastases to bone

A

breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney

381
Q

metstases to brain

A

lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (RCC), GI

382
Q

mets to liver

A

colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast and lung carcinoma

383
Q

mitrochondrial inheritance

A

dz occurs in both males and females, inherited thru females only

384
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

rheumatic heart dz

385
Q

mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron dz

386
Q

myocarditis

A

coxsackie B

387
Q

neoplasm - kids

A

ALL

cerebellar medulloblastoma

388
Q

nephrotic syndrome - adults

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

389
Q

nephrotic syndrome - kids

A

minimal change dz - a/w infections/vaccinations; tx with corticosteroids

390
Q

neuron migration failure

A

Kallman syndrome

391
Q

nosocomial pneumonia

A

klebsiella, e coli, pseudomonas

392
Q

obstruction of male urinary tract

393
Q

opening snap

A

mitral stenosis

394
Q

opportunisitc infxn in AIDS

A

pneumocystic jiroveci pneumonia

395
Q

osteomyelitis

A

staph aureus

396
Q

osteomyelitis in sickle cell dz

A

salmonella

397
Q

ostemyelitis with IV drug use

A

pseudomonas, staph aureus

398
Q

ovarian mets from gastric carcinoma or breast CA

A

krukenberg tumor - mucin secreting signet ring cells

399
Q

ovarian tumor - benign, bilateral

A

serous cystadenoma

400
Q

ovarian tumor - malignant

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

401
Q

pancreatitis - acute

A

gallstones, alcohol

402
Q

pancreatitis - chronic

A

alcohol (adults), CF (kids)

403
Q

pt with ALL/ CLL/ AML/ CML

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult > 60
AML: adult ~60
CML: adult 30-60

404
Q

pelvic inflammatory dz

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae - monoarticular arthritis

405
Q

philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) - bcr/abl

A

CML - may sometimes be a/w ALL/AML

406
Q

pituitary tumor

A

prolactinoma

somatotrpic acidophilic adenoma

407
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

turner syndrome - 45X0

408
Q

primary bone tumor - adults

A

multiple myeloma

409
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adenoma of adrenal cortex

410
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

adenomas
hyperplasia
carcinoma

411
Q

primary liver CA

A

HCC - chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin

412
Q

pulmonary HTN

413
Q

recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vsls in extremities

A

Buerger’s dz - strongly a/w tobacco

414
Q

renal tumor

A

renal cell carcinoma: a/w von Hippel Lindaue and adult polycystic kidney dz; paraneoplastic syndromes - EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH

415
Q

right heart failure d/t pulmonary cause

A

cor pulmonale

416
Q

S3 - protodiastolic gallop

A

increased ventricular filling

L–> R shunt, mitral regurg, LV failure

417
Q

S4 - presystolic gallop

A

stiff/hypertrophic ventricle - aortic stensosi, restrictive cardiomyopathy

418
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia of chronic kidney dz

419
Q

STD

A

chlamydia - usually coinfected with gonorrhea

420
Q

SIADH

A

small cell CA of lung

421
Q

site of diverticular

A

sigmoid colon

422
Q

sites of ahterosclerosis

A

abd aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

423
Q

stomach CA

424
Q

stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - gastinoma of duodenum or pancreas

425
Q

t(14:18)

A

follicular lymphoma - bcl-2 activation

426
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma - c myc activation

427
Q

t(9;22)

A

philadelphia chromosome - CML - bcr/abl fusion

428
Q

temporal arteritis

A

risk of ipsilateral blindness d/t thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

429
Q

testicular tumor

430
Q

thyroid CA

A

papillary CA

431
Q

tumor in women

A

leiomyoma - estrogen dpt, not precancerous

432
Q

tumor of infancy

A

hemangioma - usually regresses spontaneously

433
Q

tumor of adrenal medulla - adults

A

pheochromocytoma - usually benign

434
Q

tumor of adrenal medulla - kids

A

neuroblastoma - malig

435
Q

type of Hodgkins

A

nodular sclerosis - vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion

436
Q

type of non Hodgkins

A

diffuse large cell

437
Q

UTI

A

e coli, staph saprophyticus (young women)

438
Q

viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

439
Q

vitamin deficiency

A

folic acid - pregnant women at high risk; body stores only 3-4 mo supply; prevents neural tube defects

FA Rapid Review (1 decks)

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