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First Aid > Rapid Review > Flashcards

Rapid Review Flashcards

1
Q

abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

posthepatic venous thrombosis

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2
Q

abdominal pain, diarrhea, leukocytosis, recent abx use

A

c diff infection

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3
Q

achilles tendon xanthoma

A

familial hypercholesterolemia

decreased LDL receptor signaling

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4
Q

adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

meningococcemia

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5
Q

anaphylaxis after blood transfusion

A

IgA deficiency

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6
Q

anterior drawer sign +

A

ACL injury

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7
Q

arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints

A

Marfan

fibrillin defect

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8
Q

athlete w/ polycythemia

A

secondary to EPO injection

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9
Q

back pain, fever, night sweats

A

Pott’s disease

vertebral TB

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10
Q

bilateral acoustic schwannomas

A

NF2

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11
Q

bilateral hilar LAD, uveitis

A

sarcoidosis

noncaseating granulomas

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12
Q

black eschar on face w/ T2DM

A

mucor or rhizopus fungal infection

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13
Q

blue sclera

A

OI
type I collagen defect
choroidal veins

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14
Q

bluish line on gingiva

A

burton line

lead poisoning

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15
Q

bone pain, bone enlargement, arthriitis

A

paget disease of bone

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16
Q

bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing

A

aortic regurg

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17
Q

butterfly malar rash, raynaud, young woman

A

sle

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18
Q

cafe au lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma), cutaneous neurofibromas, pheochromocytomas, optic gliomas

A

NF1

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19
Q

cafe au lait spots, polostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, endocrine abnormalities

A

McCune Albright

mosaic G protein signaling mutation

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20
Q

calf pseudohypertrophy

A

muscular dystrophy

Duchenne- X linked recessive frameshift mutation of dystropin gene

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21
Q

cervical LAD, desquamating rash, coronary aneurysms, red conjunctiva and tongue

A

Kawasaki

treat w/ IVIG and ASA

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22
Q

cherry red spots on macula

A

Tay-Sachs- ganglioside accumulation
Niemann-Pick- sphingomyelin accumulation
central retinal artery occlusion

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23
Q

chest pain on exertion

A

angina
stable- moderate exertion
unstable- minimal exertion or rest

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24
Q

chest pain, pericardial effusion, friction rub, persistent fever after MI

A

Dressler syndrome
autoimmune mediated post MI fibrinous pericarditis
2-12 weeks post MI

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25
Q

chest pain w/ ST depressions on EKG

A

unstable angina- troponins neg

NSTEMI- troponins pos

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26
Q

child uses arms to stand up from squat

A

Gower’s sign

DMD

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27
Q

child w/ fever later develops red rash on race that spreads to body

A

Slapped cheeks- erythema infectiousum

Parvo B19

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28
Q

chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration

A

huntingtons

CAG AD repeat expansion

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29
Q

chorioretinitis, hydrocephalis, intracranial calcifications

A

congenital toxoplasmosis

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30
Q

chronic exercise intolerance w/ myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria

A

McArdle

skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency

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31
Q

cold intolerance

A

hypothyroidism

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32
Q

conjugate horizontal gaze palsy, horizonal diplopia

A

internuclear opthalmoplegia

damage to MLF

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33
Q

continuous machine-like murmur

A

PDA
close w/ indomethacin
keep open w/ PGE analogs

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34
Q

cutaneous dermal edema due to CT deposition

A

myxedema
glucosaminoglycans
hypothyroidism and graves (pretibial)

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35
Q

cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, bronchospasm

A

carcinoid syndrome
right sided cardiac valvular lesions
increased 5IAA

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36
Q

dark purple skin/mouth nodules in AIDS patient

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

HHV8

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37
Q

deep, labored breathing while hyperventilating

A

Kussmaul breathing

DKA

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38
Q

dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea

A

Pellagra

B3 niacin deficiency

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39
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, alcoholism, malnutrition

A

wet beriberi

B1 thiamine deficiency

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40
Q

dog or cat bite infection

A

pasteurella multocida

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41
Q

dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis

A

sjogrens

autoimmune destruction of glands

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42
Q

dysphagia, esophageal webs, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia

A

Plummer Vinson

may progress to SCC

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43
Q

elastic skin , joint hyper mobility, increased bleeding

A

Ehlers- Danlos
Type V collagen
Type III collagen- vascular type

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44
Q

enlarged hard left supraclavicular node

A

Virchow’s node

abdominal metastasis

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45
Q

episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss

A

meniere disease

endolymphatic hydrops

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46
Q

erythroderma, LAD, HSM, atypical T cells

A

Mycosis fungiodes- cutaneous T cell lymphoma

Sezary- malignant T cells in blood

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47
Q

facial spasm upon tapping

A

Chvostek sign- hypocalcemia

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48
Q

fat, female, forty, fertile

A

cholelithiasis

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49
Q

fever, chills, HA, myalgia following abx treatment of syphillis

A

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction- rapid lysis of spirochetes results in endotoxin release

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50
Q

fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash

A

measles

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51
Q

Fever, night sweats, weight loss

A

B symptoms (staging) of lymphoma

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52
Q

fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis with abnormal curvature

A

Peyronie’s disease

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53
Q

golden brown rings around peripheral cornea

A

Kayser-Fleisher rings- copper accumulation in Wilson’s disease

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54
Q

gout, intellectual disability, self mutilating behavior, boys

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome- HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive

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55
Q

hamartomatous GI polyps, hyper pigmentation of mouth hands feet and genitals

A

Peutz-Jeghers- inherited benign polyposis, can cause bowel obstruction, increased cancer risk

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56
Q

HSM, pancytopenia, osetoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femur, bone crises

A

Gaucher disease- glucocerebrosidase deficiency

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57
Q

hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts

A

Alport syndrome- collagen IV mutation

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58
Q

hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility

A

Kluver Bucy syndrome- bilateral amygdala lesion

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59
Q

hyperreflexia, hypertonia, Babinski sign +

A

UMN damage

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60
Q

hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations, absent Babinski

A

LMN damage

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61
Q

hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia

A

blue bloater chronic bronchitis

hyperplasia of mucus cells

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62
Q

indurated ulcerated genital lesion

A

nonpainful- syphilis T. pallidum

painful w/ exudate- chancroid H. ducreyi

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63
Q

infant w/ cherry red spot on macula, HSM, neurodegeneration

A

Niemann-Pick disease- genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency

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64
Q

infant w/ cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, polydactyly, cutus aplasia

A

Patau trisomy 13

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65
Q

jaundice, palpable distended non-tender gallbladder

A

Courvoisier sign- distal obstruction of biliary tree

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66
Q

infant w/ hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly

A

Cori disease- deb ranching enzyme deficiency

Von Gierke- glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency

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67
Q

infant w/ microcephaly, rocker bottom feet, clenched hands, structural heart defect

A

Edwards trisomy 18

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68
Q

large rash w/ bull’s eye appearance

A

erythema migrans from ixodes tick bite (lyme disease borrelia)

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69
Q

lucid interval after TBI

A

epidural hematoma- middle meningeal artery rupture

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70
Q

male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells

A

Bruton disease- X linked agammaglobulinemia

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71
Q

mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time

A

Glanzmann thrombasthenia- defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa

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72
Q

muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, hypotension

A

beck triad of cardiac tamponade

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73
Q

multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors of face, impacted supernumerary teeth

A

Gardner syndrome

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74
Q

myopathy- infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, exercise intolerance

A

Pompe disease- lysosomal a 1,4 glucosidase deficiency

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75
Q

neonate w/ arm paralysis following difficult birth

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy- C5-C6 brachial plexus injury, waiter’s tip

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76
Q

no lactation post partum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance

A

Sheehan syndrome- pituitary infarction

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77
Q

nystagmus, intensional tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia

A

multiple sclerosis

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78
Q

painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia

A

cold agglutinin disease- autoimmune hemolytic anemia

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79
Q

painful fingers/toes change color from blue to white to red with cold or stress

A

Raynauds- vasospasm

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80
Q

painful, raised red lesions on pads of fingers/toes

A

Osler nodes- infective endocarditis, immune complex deposits

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81
Q

painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles

A

Janeway lesions- infective endocarditis, septic emboli

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82
Q

painless jaundice

A

cancer of pancreatic head obstructing bile duct

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83
Q

palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain, hematuria

A

Henock-Schonlein purpura- IgA vasculutus affecting skin and kidneys

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84
Q

pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors

A

MEN1- autosomal dominant

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85
Q

periorbital/peripheral edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia

A

nephrotic syndrome

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86
Q

pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation

A

pink puffer emphysema
pan acinar- a1 antitrypsin deficiency
centri acinar- smoking

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87
Q

polyuria, renal tubular acidosis type II, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances, hypophosphatemic rickets

A

Fanconi syndrome

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88
Q

pruritic, purpule, polygonal, plana papules and plaques. sawtooth appearance of dermal-epidermal junction

A

lichen planus

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89
Q

ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis

A

Horner syndrome- sympathetic chain lesion

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90
Q

pupil accommodates but doesn’t react to light

A

Argyll-Robertson pupil- neurosyphilis

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91
Q

rapidly progressive limb weakness that ascends following GI/URTI

A

Guillain Barre- acute inflammatory segmental demyelinating polyradiculopathy

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92
Q

rash on palms and soles

A

coxsackie A, secondary syphilis, rocky mountain spotted fever

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93
Q

recurrent cold non inflamed abscesses, unusual eczema, high serum IgE

A

Job syndrome- neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality

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94
Q

red currant jelly sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients

A

Klebsiella PNA

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95
Q

red currant jelly stools

A

acute mesenteric ischemia- adults

intussusception- peds

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96
Q

red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola

A

Paget’s disease of the breast- underlying carcinoma

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97
Q

Red urine in the AM, fragile RBCs

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

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98
Q

bilateral RCC, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma

A

von Hippel Lindau- dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation

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99
Q

resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, shuffling gait

A

Parkinsons- loss of DA neurons in SN pars compacta

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100
Q

retinal hemorrhages w/ pale centers

A

Roth spots- bacterial endocarditis

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101
Q

severe jaundice in neonate

A

Crigler Najjar- congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

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102
Q

severe RLQ pain w/ palpation of LLQ

A

Rovsing sign- acute appendicitis

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103
Q

severe RLQ pain w/ rebound tenderness

A

McBurney sign- acute appendicitis

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104
Q

short stature, cafe au lait spots, thumb/radial defects, increased incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia

A

Fanconi anemia- genetic loss of DNA cross link repair, often progresses to AML

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105
Q

Single palmar crease

A

Down syndrome

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106
Q

situs inversis, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility

A

Kartagener syndrome- dynein arm defect affecting cilia motility

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107
Q

skin hyper pigmentation, hypotension, fatigue

A

primary adrenocortical insufficiency- Addison disease

increased ACTH and MSH

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108
Q

slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys

A

Becker muscular dystrophy- X linked missense mutation in dystrophin

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109
Q

small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa w/ blue white centers

A

Koplik spots- measles rubeola virus

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110
Q

smooth, moist, painless wart like lesions on genitals

A

condylomata lata- secondary syphilis

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111
Q

splinter hemorrhages in fingernails

A

bacterial endocarditis

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112
Q

strawberry tongue

A

Kawasaki disease

Scarlet fever

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113
Q

streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth, short stature, lymphedema, webbed neck

A

turner syndrome XO

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114
Q

sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi

A

Gout/podagra

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115
Q

Swollen gums, mucosal bleeding, poor wound healing, petechia

A

Scurvy- vitamin C deficiency, can’t hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis

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116
Q

swollen, hard, painful finger joints

A

osteoarthritis- causes osteophytes
PIP- Bouchard
DIP-Herbenden

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117
Q

systolic ejection murmur crescendo-decrescendo

A

aortic stenosis

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118
Q

telangectasis, recurrent epistaxis, skin discoloration, AV malformations, GI bleeding, hematuria

A

Osler-Weber-Rendu

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119
Q

thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma

A

MEN 2A- AD RET

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120
Q

thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis (mucosal neuromas)

A

MEN2B- AD RET

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121
Q

toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape

A

Babinski sign

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122
Q

unilateral facial drooping involving forehead

A

CN VII palsy (LMN)

UMN injury spares forehead- bilateral innervation

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123
Q

urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis

A 
reactive arthritis (Reiters)
HLA B 27
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124
Q

Vascular birthmark (port wine stain) on face

A

Benign but can be associated w/ Sturge-Weber syndrome

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125
Q

vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome- alcoholics and bulemics

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126
Q

Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy

A

Whipple disease

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127
Q

“worst headache of my life”

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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128
Q

anticentromere antibodies

A

scleroderma CREST

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129
Q

anti desmoglein antibodies

A

pemphigus vulgaris

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130
Q

anti glomerular BM antibodies

A

Goodpasture

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131
Q

anti histone antibodies

A

drug induced SLE

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132
Q

anti IgG antibodies

A

RA

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133
Q

antimitochondrial antibodies

A

primary biliary cirrhosis

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134
Q

pANCA antibodies

A

Churg Strauss- microscopic polyangiitis

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135
Q

cANCA antibodies

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis

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136
Q

anti Smith antibodies

A

SLE

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137
Q

anti dsDNA antibodies

A

SLE

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138
Q

anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

diffuse systemic scleroderma

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139
Q

anti transglutaminase, gliadin, endomysial antibodies

A

celial

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140
Q

apple core lesion on barium enema x-ray

A

colorectal cancer

usually left sided

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141
Q

atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV

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142
Q

azurophilic peroxidase + granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeoblasts

A

Auer rods- AML

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143
Q

Bacitracin sensitive

A

GAS

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144
Q

Bacitracin resistant

A

GBS

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145
Q

bamboo spine on X-ray

A

ankylosing spondylitis

HLA B 27

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146
Q

basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies- splenic dysfunction

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147
Q

basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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148
Q

bloody tap on LP

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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149
Q

boot shaped heart on X ray

A

tetralogy of fallot (RVH)

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150
Q

branching gram + rods w/ sulfur granules

A

actinomyces israelii

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151
Q

bronchogenic apical lung tumor + Horner syndrome

A

Pancoast tumor

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152
Q

brown tumor of bone

A

hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica- hemosiderin deposition from hemorrhage

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153
Q

cardiomagaly w/ apical atrophy

A

Chagas disease- trypanosome cruzi

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154
Q

cellular crescents in Bowman capsule

A

rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

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155
Q

chocolate cyst of ovary

A

endometriosis

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156
Q

cellular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright rosettes

neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma

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157
Q

colonies of mucoid pseudomonas in lungs

A

CF- AR mutation CTFR

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158
Q

decreased AFP in amniotic fluid and maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities

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159
Q

degeneration of dorsal column fibers

A

tabes dorsalis- tertiary syphilis

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160
Q

delta wave on EKG, short PR interval, supra ventricular tachycardia

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome- bundle of Kent bypasses AV node

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161
Q

depigmentation of neurons in SN

A

Parkinsons

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162
Q

desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curshmann spirals- whorled mucus plugs in asthma

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163
Q

disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies- granulosa cell tumor of the ovary

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164
Q

dysplastic squamous cervical cells w/ raisinoid nuclei and hyperchromasia

A

koilocytes

HPV associated

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165
Q

electrical alternans- alternating amplitude on EKG

A

pericardial tamponade

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166
Q

enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

owl eyes

CMV

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167
Q

enlarged thyroid cells with ground glass nuclei and central clearing

A

orphan annie eyes

papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

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168
Q

eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory body- alcoholic liver disease

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169
Q

eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body- Parkinsons

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170
Q

eosinophilic globule in liver

A

Councilman body- viral hepatitis, yellow fever

represents apoptosis

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171
Q

extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter

A

Senile plaques- Alzheimer

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172
Q

giant B cells with bilobed uncle and prominent inclusions

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

Hodgkin lymphoma

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173
Q

glomerulus like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller Duvall bodies- yolk sac tumor

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174
Q

hair on end crew cut appearance on X ray

A

B thalassemia and sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)

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175
Q

hCG elevated

A

choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole

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176
Q

granulomatous heart nodules

A

Aschoff bodies- rheumatic fever

177
Q

heterophile antibodies

A

infectious mono

EBV

178
Q

hexagonal, double pointed, needle like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Charcot-Leyden crystals- bronchial asthma

179
Q

high D dimer

A

DVT, PE, DIC

180
Q

hilar LAD, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle/lower lung lobes, calcifications

A

Ghon complex- primary TB

181
Q

honeycomb lung

A

interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

182
Q

hypercoagulability with migrating DVTs and vasculitis

A

Trousseau syndrome- adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung

183
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia
B12- neuro symptoms
folate- no neuro symptoms

184
Q

HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn syndrome- primary hyperaldosteronism

185
Q

hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia

186
Q

increased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

NTD

187
Q

increased uric acid levels

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

188
Q

intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies- HSV or VZV

189
Q

iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

ferruginous bodies- basbestiosis

190
Q

keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

A

SCC

191
Q

large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higashi- congenital failure of phagolysosome formation

192
Q

lead pipe colon

A

UC

193
Q

linear IgG deposits on glomerular and alveolar BM

A

Goodpasture syndrome

194
Q

low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson disease- hepatolenticular degeneration

195
Q

Lumpy bumpy appearance of glomeruli on IF

A

PSGN- IgG, IgM, C3 deposits

196
Q

lytic punched out lesions on X-ray

A

multiple myeloma

197
Q

mammary gland blue domed cyst

A

fibrocystic change of breast

198
Q

monoclonal antibody spike

A

Multiple myeloma (IgG/A), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (IgM), primary amyloidosis

199
Q

mucin filled cell w/ peripheral nucleus

A

signet ring
gastric carcinoma
Krukenburg tumor

200
Q

narrowing of bowel lumen on barium X ray

A

Crohns

string sign

201
Q

necrotizing vasculitis of lungs and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis (cANCA)

Goodpasture (anti BM)

202
Q

needle shaped negatively birefringent crystals

A

gout

monosodium urate

203
Q

nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules- diabetic nephropathy

204
Q

novobiocin sensitive

A

Staph epidermidis

205
Q

Novobiocin resistant

A

staph saphrophyticus

206
Q

nutmeg liver

A

chronic passive congestion

right heart failure or Budd-Chiari

207
Q

Onion skin periosteal reaction

A

Ewing sarcoma

208
Q

optochin sensitive

A

strep pneumo

209
Q

optochin resistant

A

strep viridans

210
Q

periosteum raised from bone, creating triangle on X-ray

A

Codman triangle

Osteosarcoma

211
Q

podocyte fusion (effacement)

A

minimal change disease

212
Q

polished, ivory like bone at cartilage erosion

A

eburnation
OA
bony sclerosis

213
Q

protein aggreagates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein

A

neurofibrillary tangles- Alzheimer and Pick’s disease

214
Q

Psamomma bodies

A

meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serious carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary

215
Q

pseuodopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

glioblastoma multiforme

216
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

glomerulonephritis

217
Q

rectangular, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals- Leydig cell tumor

218
Q

recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia

A

Wiskott-Aldrich

219
Q

renal epithelial cell casts in urine

A

intrinsic renal failure (ischemia, toxic injury)

220
Q

rhomboid crystals positively birefringent

A

pseudogout

calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate

221
Q

rib notching

A

coarcation of the aorta

222
Q

ring enhancing brain lesions in AIDS

A

toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

223
Q

sheets of medium sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tangible body-laden macrophages (starry sky)

A

Burkitt lymphoma t(8:14)
c-myc activation
associated w/ EBV

224
Q

silver staining spherical aggregation of taus proteins in neurons

A

Pick disease- frontotemporal dementia

225
Q

soap bubble in femur/tibia on X ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone

226
Q

spikes on BM with dome sub epithelial deposits

A

membranous nephropathy

227
Q

stacks of RBCs

A

rouleaux formation- high ESR, multiple myeloma

228
Q

steeple sign on CXR

A

croup- parainfluenza

229
Q

stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

clue cells- gardnerella vaginalis

230
Q

strep bovis bacteremia

A

colon cancer

231
Q

tennis racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles

A

Birbeck granules

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

232
Q

thousands of polyps on colonoscopy

A

familial adenomatous polyposus

AD APC mutation

233
Q

thrombi made of white/red layers

A

lines of Zahn

234
Q

thumb sign on lateral neck X ray

A

epiglottitis

235
Q

thyroidization of the kidney

A

chronic pyelonephritis

236
Q

tram track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular BM

A

membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

237
Q

triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

fatty liver disease

238
Q

waxy casts with low urine flow

A

chronic ESRD

239
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

acute pyelonephritis

240
Q

WBCs that look smudged

A

CLL

B cell

241
Q

wire loop glomerular capullary

A

diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

SLE

242
Q

yellowish CSF

A

Xanthochromia- subarachnoid hemorrhage

243
Q

absence seizures tx

A

ethosuximide

244
Q

acute gout attack tx

A

NSAIDs, colchicine, glucocorticoids

245
Q

acute promyelocytic leukemia tx

A

ATRA

246
Q

ADHD tx

A

methylphenidate, CBT, atomoxetine

247
Q

alcoholism tx

A

disulfram, acamprosate, naltrexone

248
Q

alcohol withdrawal tx

A

long acting BNZ

249
Q

anorexia tx

A

nutrition, psychotherapy, mirtazapine

250
Q

anticoagulation during pregnancy

A

heparin

251
Q

arryhthmia tx in damaged cardiac tissue

A

class IB antiarrhythmic- lidocain, mexiletine

252
Q

BPH tx

A

a1 antagonists, 5a reductase inhibitors, PDE5 inhibitors

253
Q

bipolar disorder tx

A

lithium, valproate, carbamazepine

254
Q

breast cancer tx in post menopausal women

A

aromatase inhibitor- anastrozole

255
Q

Buerger disease tx

A

smoking cessation

256
Q

Bulimia nervosa tx

A

SSRIs

257
Q

Candida albicans tx

A

Topical- azoles
Mucosal- nystatin, fluconazole, caspofungin
Systemic- amphoB, fluconazole, caspofungin

258
Q

carcinoid syndrome tx

A

Ocreotide

259
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis tx

A

Doxycycline, macrolides

+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea

260
Q

chronic gout tx

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors- allopurinol, febuxostat

261
Q

chronic HBV tx

A

IFN-a

262
Q

chronic HCV tx

A

IFN-a, ribavirin, simeprevir, sofosbuvir

263
Q

CML tx

A

imatinib

264
Q

C. diff tx

A

metronidazole

refractory- vancomycin

265
Q

CMV tx

A

Ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir

266
Q

Crohn tx

A

Corticosteroids, infliximab, azathioprine

267
Q

Cryptococcus tx

A

Fluconazole

268
Q

Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorragic cystitis tx

A

Mesna

269
Q

depression tx

A

SSRIS

270
Q

Diabetes insipidus tx

A

Central- desmopressin DDAVP

Nephrogenic- HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride

271
Q

T1DM tx

A

low carb diet, insulin

272
Q

T2DM tx

A

low carb diet, hypoglycemics, insulin if refractory

273
Q

DKA tx

A

fluids, insulin, K

274
Q

enterococci tx

A

Vancomycin

Tigecycline

275
Q

ED tx

A

Sildenafil, tadalafil, cardenafil

276
Q

ER+ breast cancer tx

A

tamoxifen

277
Q

ethylene glycol/methanol poisoning tx

A

Fomepizole- alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor

278
Q

Haemophilus influenza B prophylaxis

A

rifampin

279
Q

GAD tx

A

SNRIs

280
Q

Wegener’s granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis tx

A

cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids

281
Q

heparin reversal tx

A

protamine sulfate

282
Q

HER2+ breast cancer tx

A

trastuzumab

283
Q

hyperaldosteronism tx

A

spironolactone

284
Q

hypercholesterolemia tx

A

statins

285
Q

hypertrigyceridemia tx

A

fibrates

286
Q

immediate anticoagulation

A

heparin

287
Q

infertility tx

A

leuprolide, pulsatile GnRH, clomiphene

288
Q

influenza tx

A

Oseltamivir, zanamavir

289
Q

Kawasaki disease tx

A

ASA, IVIG

290
Q

Legionella tx

A

Macrolides

291
Q

Long term anticoagulation

A

warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxabam, apixaban

292
Q

malaria tx

A

chloroquine, mefloquine, atovaqione/proguanul, primaquine

293
Q

malignant hyperthermia tx

A

dantrolene

294
Q

medical abortion tx

A

mifepristone

295
Q

migrane tx

A

sumatriptan, NSAIDs

296
Q

migraine prophylaxis

A

propanolol, topiramate, CCBs, amitriptyline

297
Q

MS tx

A

B-interferon, natalizumab, IV steroids

298
Q

TB tx

A

RIPE

299
Q

N. gonnorrhoeae tx

A

Ceftriaxone

+ doxy for C. trachomatis

300
Q

N. meningitidis tx

A

penicillin

ceftriaxone

301
Q

N. meningitidis prophylaxis

A

rifampin

302
Q

NTD prevention

A

folate

303
Q

osteomalacia/rickets tx

A

Vitamin D

304
Q

osteoporosis tx

A

Calcium/Vitamin D

bisphosphonates, PTH analogs, SERMS, calcitonin, denosumab

305
Q

close PDA

A

indomethacin

306
Q

keep PDA open

A

PGE analogs

307
Q

pheochromocytoma tx

A

a antagonists

308
Q

pneumocystis prophylaxis

A

TMP-SMX

309
Q

prolactinoma tx

A

dopamine agonists- cabergoline, bromocriptine

310
Q

prostate adenocarcinoma tx

A

leuprolide, continuous GnRH

311
Q

uterine fibroids tx

A

leuprolide, continuous GnRH

312
Q

prostate adenocarcinoma tx

A

flutamide

313
Q

idiopathic PAH

A

sildenafil, bosentan, epoprostenol

314
Q

Rickettsia tx

A

doxy, chloramphenicol

315
Q

schizophrenia + symptom tx

A

typical and atypical antipsychotics

316
Q

schizophrenia - symptom tx

A

atypical antipsychotics

317
Q

SIADH

A

fluid restriction, IV hypertonic saline, conivaptan, tolvaptan, demeclocycline

318
Q

sickle cell tx

A

hydroxyurea

319
Q

Sporothrix schenckii tx

A

itraconazone, oral potassium iodide

320
Q

Stable angina tx

A

sublingual nitroglycerin

321
Q

staph aureus tx

A

MSSA- nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin

MRSA- vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, ceftaroline

322
Q

strep bovis tx

A

penicillin

colonoscopy

323
Q

strep pyogenes tx

A

penicillin

324
Q

strep pneumo tx

A

penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin

325
Q

temporal arteritis tx

A

high dose steroids (before biopsy results confirm due to ophthalmic artery occlusion)
associated w/ polymyalgia rheumatica

326
Q

tonic-clonic seizures tx

A

levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine

327
Q

toxoplasma gondii tx

A

Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

328
Q

T. pallidum tx

A

penicillin

329
Q

T. vaginalis tx

A

Metronidazole

330
Q

trigeminal neuralgia tx

A

Carbamazepine

331
Q

ulcerative colitis tx

A

5-ASA- mesalamine
6MP
infliximab

332
Q

UTI prophylaxis

A

TMP-SMX

333
Q

warfarin reversal

A 
FFP (acute)
Vitamin K (chronic)
334
Q

actinic keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

335
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated w/ CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer

increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion

336
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated w/ severe burns

A

Curling ulcer

reduced plasma volumes leads to sloughing of gastric mucosa

337
Q

alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Crohns

338
Q

abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

atherosclerosis, smoking

339
Q

ascending/arch aortic aneurysm

A

tertiary syphilis, vasa vasorum destruction

340
Q

thoracic aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan syndrome

341
Q

aortic dissection

A

HTN

342
Q

atrophy of the maxillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy

343
Q

autosplenectomy

A

sickle cell disease

344
Q

bacteria associated w/ gastritis, PUD, stomach cancer

A

H pylori

345
Q

bacterial meningitis in adults

A

S. pneumoniae

346
Q

bacterial meningitis in newborns

A

GBS, E. Coli

347
Q

bacterial meningitis in children/teens

A

S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis

348
Q

bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenburg tumor

mucin secreting signet ring cells

349
Q

bleeding disorder w/ GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard Soulier

350
Q

brain tumor in adult

A

supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma, meningioma, schwanomma

351
Q

brain tumor in child

A

infratentorial: medulloblastoma
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

352
Q

most common breast cancer

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

353
Q

most common breast mass

A

fibrocystic change

354
Q

benign breast tumor

A

fibroadenoma

355
Q

primary cardiac tumor in kids

A

rhabdomyoma (tuberous sclerosis)

356
Q

primary cardiac tumor in adults

A

metastasis, left atrium myxoma

357
Q

cardiac symptoms of SLE

A

marantic thrombotic non bacterial endocarditis (Libman-Sacks)

358
Q

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiara II malformation

359
Q

chronic arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation

360
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis

A

predispostion to gastric carcinoma

pernicious anemia

361
Q

clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

362
Q

congenital adrenal hypoplasia + hypotension

A

21 hydroxylase deficiency

363
Q

most common congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

364
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

A

Dubin Johnson syndrome

black liver- hepatocytes unable to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile

365
Q

most common causes of constrictive pericarditis

A

TB, viral illness

366
Q

coronary arteries involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > circimflex

367
Q

cretinism

A

iodine deficient, congenital hypothyroidism

368
Q

Cushing syndrome causes

A

corticosteroid therapy, adrenocortical adenoma, ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease), paraneoplastic

369
Q

early neonatal cyanosis

A

tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia

370
Q

late neonatal cyanosis

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

371
Q

death in CML

A

blast crisis

372
Q

death in SLE

A

lupus nephropathy

373
Q

diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker

374
Q

ejection click murmur

A

aortic stenosis

375
Q

exotoxin mediated food poisoning

A

staph aureus, b. cereus

376
Q

most common esophageal cancer

A

SCC- worldwide

adenocarcinoma- USA

377
Q

most common glomerulonephritis in adults

A

IgA nephropathy (Berger)

378
Q

most common congenital heart murmur

A

mitral valve prolapse

379
Q

bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral- rheumatic fever

tricuspid- IVDU

380
Q

epidural hematoma

A

rupture of middle meningeal artery

381
Q

subdural hematoma

A

rupture of bridging veins

382
Q

subarachnoid hematoma

A

rupture of cerebral vessels

383
Q

hemochromatosis

A

multiple blood transfusions
HFE mutation
causes HF, bronze diabetes, increased risk of HCC

384
Q

HCC

A

cirrhosis- HBV, HCV, alcoholism
hemochromatosis
a1 antitrypsin deficiency
Wilson disease

385
Q

most common hereditary bleeding disorder

A

Von Willebrand

386
Q

hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome- benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

387
Q

HLA-B27

A

ankylosing spondylities

388
Q

HLA DR3

A

T1DM, SLE, graves, Hashimoto thyroiditis

389
Q

HLA DR4

A

T1DM, RA

390
Q

HLA DR5

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

391
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

392
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis

393
Q

secondary HTN

A

renal failure

394
Q

most common cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

Excision during thyroid surgery

395
Q

most common cause of hypopituitarism

A

pituitary adenoma

396
Q

most common infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

HCV

397
Q

most common causes of intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X

398
Q

calcium kidney stone

A

radiopaque

399
Q

struvite kidney stone

A

radiopaque

formed by urease + organisms like Klebsiella and Proteus

400
Q

uric acid kidney stone

A

radiolucent

401
Q

late cyanotic shunt

A

Eisenmenger syndrome
uncorrected L->R shunt becomes R -> L
causes pulmonary HTN and polycythemia

402
Q

most common lysosomal storage disorder

A

Gaucher

403
Q

most common malignancy associated w/ noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

404
Q

metastases to bone

A

prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

405
Q

metastases to brain

A

lung > breast > GU > melanoma > GI

406
Q

metastases to liver

A

colon&raquo_space; pancreas, stomach

407
Q

mixed UMN and LMN disease

A

ALS

408
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

opening snap murmur

409
Q

most common cause of myocarditis

A

coxsackie B

410
Q

most common nephrotic syndrome in adults

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

411
Q

most common nephrotic syndrome in kids

A

minimal change disease

412
Q

neuron migration failure

A

Kallman syndrome- hypothalamic neurons that release GnRH fail to migrate to hypothalamus during embryogenesis
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia

413
Q

nosocomial PNA

A

s aureus and pseudomonas

414
Q

osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

salmonella

415
Q

osteomyelitis in IVDU

A

Pseudomonas, Candida, s aureus

416
Q

most common cause of acute pancreatitis

A

gallstones, alcohol

417
Q

most common cause of chronic pancreatitis

A

alcohol

cystic fibrosis

418
Q

ALL age

A

child

419
Q

CLL age

A

adult > 60

420
Q

AML age

A

adult ~65

421
Q

CML age

A

adult 45-85

422
Q

Bacterial causes of PID

A

C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae

423
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

t(9:22)
BCR-ABL fusion
CML

424
Q

most common primary bone tumor in adults

A

multiple myeloma

425
Q

Buerger disease

A

smokers

recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small and medium vessels in extremities

426
Q

RCC

A

Von Hippel Lindau and smokers

427
Q

S3 heart sound

A

increased ventricular filling pressure- HF and mitral regurgitation
dilated ventricles

428
Q

S4 heart sound

A

stiff/hypertrophic ventricle- aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy

429
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia of CKD

430
Q

sites of atherosclerosis

A

abdominal aorta > coronary artery > politeal > carotid

431
Q

stomach ulcerations w/ high gastrin

A

Zollinger Ellison

432
Q

t (14;18)

A

follicular lymphomas

BCL2 activation- anti-apoptosis

433
Q

t (8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma

c-myc fusion

434
Q

most common adrenal medullary tumor in kids

A

malignant neuroblastoma

435
Q

most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

nodular sclerosis

436
Q

most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

diffuse large B cell

437
Q

vertebral compression fracture

A

osteoporosis

438
Q

viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

439
Q

catalase + organisms

A

CGD- especially susceptible

Nocardia, pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, E coli, staph aureus, serratia, burkholderia

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