Rapid Fire Facts - DIT Flashcards
Continuous Machinery-like heart murmur
Patent Ductus Arteries (PDA)
“Boot Shaped Heart”
Tetralogy of Fallot (infant) - RV Hypertrophy (COPD, pHTN, Adults)
Rib Notching
Coarctation of the Aorta
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
Sensitivity
A/(A+C), PID {positive in disease], 1-false negative rate
Specificity
D/(D+B), NIH [negative in health]
Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
A/(A+B), will increased with increased disease prevalence
Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
D/(D+C), will decreased with increased disease prevalence
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascities
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Green/yellow corneal deposits
Wilson Disease
Low Serum Ceruloplasmin
Wilson Disease
Cirrhosis, Diabetes and hyperpigmentation
Hemochromatosis
Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
HBV, HCV, Wilson, Hemochromatosis, α1 antitrypsin deficiency, Hepatic adenoma, Alcoholic cirrhosis
Uniateral facial drooping involving the forehead
Bell Palsy
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis
Horner Syndrome
Most common Thyroid Cancer
Papillary Carcinoma
Cold Intolerance
Hypothyroism
Enlarged thyroid cell with ground-glass nuclei
“orphan Anne eyes” - Papillary Carcinoma
Relative Risk
A/(A+B) / C/(C+D)
Odds Ratio
A/B / C/D
Attributable Risk
A (exposed) - C (not exposed)
Absolute risk reduction
C/(C+D) [not tx] - A/(A+B) [tx]
Number needed to treat
1/Absolute risk reduction
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Painful cyanosis of the fingers and toes, with hemolytic anemia
Cold Agglutinins
Red urine in the morning, and fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Autosplenectomy
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug used to treat sickle cell disease
Hydroxyurea
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV Patients
Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP)
Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients
Fluconazole
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii
Oral potassium iodine or Itraconazole
Treatment for oral candidiasis
Nystatin or fluconazole
Treatment for systemic candidiasis
Amphotericin B
Antiplatelet Antibodies
ITP
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier disease
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
von Willebrand Disease
Low Potency Neuroleptic Drugs
Chlorpromazine, thioridazine
Clozapine
Agranulocytosis
Bilateral Hilar Adenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture syndrome and Wegener Granulomatosis
Anti-flomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture syndrome
Honeycomb lung on x-ray
Interstitial Fibrosis
“tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules (Eosinophilic Granulomatosis)
Treatment for Chronic hepatitis
Interferon - α
Most common cause of neural tube defects
Folate deficiency
Most common cause of congenital malformation in the US
Alcohol Use
Most common cause of congenital intellectual disability in the US
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
Marfan Syndrome
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
Alport Syndrome
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead
Bell’s Palsy
“worse headache of my life”
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Lucid interval following head trauma
Epidural Hemorrhage
Bloody CSF on LP
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
Rupture of Bridging Veins
Most common cause of epidural hematoma
Rupture of Middle Meningeal Artery
Treatment for Malignant Hyperthermia
Dantrolene
Treatment for absence seizures
Ethosuximide
Treatment for tonic-clonic seizures
Valproic Acid, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain
Senile plaques (Alzheimer Disease)
Drooling Farmer
Organophosphate Poisoning
Medial treatment for pheochromocytoma
α-antagonist
Selective α-antagonist used to treat BPH
Tamsulosin
Bounding pulses, head-bobbing, diastolic murmur
Aortic Regurgitation
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, persistant fever occurring several weeks after an MI
Dressler Syndrome
Bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis
Paget Disease of the Bone
Vertebral compression fractures
Osteoporosis
Positive anterior drawer sign
ACL injury
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
Gout
Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
Pseudogout
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
Gout
Bamboo spine on x-ray
Ankylosing Spondylitis
HLA-B27
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
Anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies
SLE
Anti-histone antibodies
Drug induced lupus
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST Scleroderma
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse Systemic Scleroderma
Anti-Jo-1 antibodies
Polymyositis
Anti-SSA and Anti-SSB antibodies
Sjogren syndrome
Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman
SLE
Arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes
Sjogren syndrome
Most common cause of death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy/nephritis
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most Common cancer in men
Prostate Carcinoma
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
Benign Prostatic HyperPLASIA
Most common treatment for erectile dysfunction
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Dysplastic cervical cells with enlarged, dark nuclei
Koilocytes (HPV infections)
Diesthylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
Most common tumor in women
leiomyoma
Most common gynecologic malignancy in the US
Endometrial carcinoma
Most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide
Cervical Carcinoma
Chocolate cyst of the ovary
Endometriosis
Most common benign ovarian tumor
Serous Cystadenoma
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous Cystadenocarcinoma
Disarrayed granolas cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-exner bodies (Granulosa-thecal cell tumors)
Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
Second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Fragile X Syndrome
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turner Syndrome
Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
Trisomy 18 (Edward Syndrome)
Most common cancer in women in the US
Breast Cancer
Most common benign breast tumor
Fibroadenoma
Most common malignant breast tumor
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Blue dome cyst in the breast
Fibrocystic Change
Treatment for ER (+) breast cancer
Tamoxifen
Red, Itchy, Swollen rash on the areola and nipple
Paget Disease of the Breast
Branching, filamentous Gram (+) rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
Food poisoning due to exotoxin
S. aureus and Bacillus cereus
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Most common bacteria in a patient with strive kidney stones
Proteus (then Staph)
Standard treatment for T. pallidum
Penicillin G
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
A non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Chancre of primary syphilis
Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
Condylomata late of secondary syphilis
Large bull’s eye rash
Erythema migrants due to Lyme disease
Calcified granuloma in the lungs, plus hillier lymphadenopathy
Ghon complex
Back pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss
Pott’s Disease
Standard treatment regiment for TB
Rifampin, INH, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (RIPE)
Eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (Job syndrome)
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
Babinski reflex
Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, and positive babinski sign
Upper Motor Neuron lesion
Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, and muscle atrophy
Lower Motor Neuron lesion
Depigmentation of the substantia nigra
Parkinson Disease
Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
Huntington Disease
Eosinophilic inclusions of in the cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy Bodies
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
Internuclear opthalmoplegia
Degeneration of the dorsal columns
Tabes dorsalis
Demyelination disease in a young woman
Multiple sclerosis
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
ALS
Newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
Most Common cause of dementia
Alzheimer Disease
Second most common cause of dementia
Multi-infarct dementia
Extracellular amyloid deposits in the grey matter
Alzheimer Disease
Intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Alzheimer Disease
Intracellular spherical aggregates of tau proteins seen on silver stain
Pick disease (Frontal-temporal dementia)
Dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Hematemesis with retching
Mallory Weiss tear
Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
Signet ring cell (Gastric Cancer, LCIS)
Most common type of stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Ovarian Metastasis from gastric cancer
Krukenberg Tumor
Gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy and hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac disease
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
Folic acid
Most common surgery emergency
Appendicitis
Term for severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney’s Point
Most common cancer of the appendix
Carcinoid Tumor
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
“Apple core” lesion on barium enema
Colon Cancer
Most common site of colonic diverticula
Sigmoid Colon
“String sign” on contrast x-ray
Crohn Disease
“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast x-ray
Ulcerative Colitis
Painless jaundice
Pancreatic Cancer
Most common causes of acute pancreatitis
Gallstones & Alcohol
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse
Severe Hyperbilirubininemia in a neonate
Crigler-Najjar syndrome (Type I)
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert Syndrome
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
Fatty Liver Disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory Bodies
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Green/yellow corneal deposits
Kayser-Fleischer rings (Wilson Disease)
Low serum ceruloplasm
Wilson Disease
Cirrhosis, diabetes, and hyperpigmentation
Hemochromatosis (Bronze diabetes)
Chronic sinusitis, infertility and situs inversus
Kartagener Syndrome
Elevated D-dimer
PE, DVT
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis in blood
Virchow’s Triad
Blue bloater
Hypoxemia, hypercapnia (Chronic bronchitis)
Pink puffer
Dyspnea, hyperventilation (Emphysema)
Curschmann’s Spirals
Shed epithelium from mucus plugs (Asthma)
Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
COPD
Bilateral hilar adenopaty, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture, Wegener
Anti-glomerular basement membrane autibodies
Goodpasture
Honey comb lung on x-ray
Interstitial fiborsis
“tennis-racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules
Iron-Containing nodules in the alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies`
Lung Cancer associated with SIADH
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Tumor associated with Horner Syndrome
Pancoast Tumor
Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails
Infective endocarditis
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots (infective endocarditis)
Heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
Mitral valve
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis
Tricuspid valve
Granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff Bodies (rheumatic heart disease)
Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
Left Atrial Myxoma
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
US; SLE - Developing world:TB
Cold, pale painful digits
Raynaud phenomenon
c-ANCA
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
p-ANCA
MIcroscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss
Treatment for Buerger disease
Smoking cessation
Treatment for temporal arteritis
High-dose steroids
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in neonates
Group B Strep
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in children
S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in adults
S. pneumoniae
Osteomyelitis in an IV drug user
S. aureus, Psedomonas
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell patient
Salmonella
Most common reportable STD
Chlamydia
Non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Primary Syphilis
Painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion with exudate
Chancroid
Stippled vaginal epithelial cell on a wet prep of vaginal discharge
Bacterial vaginosis (Gardenella)
Common treatment for syphilis
Penicillin G
Common treatment for Trichomonas
Metronidazole
Common treatment for Chlamydia
Doxycycline or Azithromycin
Common treatment for gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
A boy with self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability and gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Orotic acid in the urine and elevations in serum ammonia
OTC deficiency
Orotic acid in the urine and no elevation in serum ammonia
Orotic aciduria
Megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate and B12
Orotic aciduria
Most common medication of ADHD
Methylphenidate
Most common medication of bulimia
SSRIs (Fluoxitine)
Medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepines
Most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
Alcoholics Anonymous
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy
Treatment for central DI
Desmopressin
Treatment for Nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, Indomethacin, amiloride
Treatment for lithium-induced neprhogenic DI
Amiloride
Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli
Kimmelsteil-Wilson Nodules (Diabetic Nephropathy)
Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary vasculitis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener), Goodpasture syndrome
Red Cell Cast
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Waxy Cast
Chronic Renal Failure
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Most common renal tumor
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Most common type of renal stone
Calcium stone
Type of renal stone associated with Proteus vulgaris
Struvite stone
Bluish-colored lines on the gingivae
Lead Poisoning
Treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
Vitamin D
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin
Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency)
Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance in a postpartum woman
Sheehan Syndrome
Infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopsia
Prolactinoma
Most common causes of Cushing syndrome
1) Exogenous, 2) Ectopic, 3) Pituitary adenoma 4) Adrenal tumor
Most common tumor of the adrenal
Benign, non-fuctioning adrenal adenoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
Pheochromocytoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children
Neuroblastoma
Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal adenoma
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone or Eplerenone
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine (non-selective α-blocker)
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism
MEN2A
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
MEN2B
Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
Addison disease
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
Most common thyroid cancer
Papillary Carcinoma
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
Papillary cancer of the thyroid
Standard treatment for DKA
IV fluids, IV insulin, potassium replacement
Standard treatment for type 1 DM
Insulin
Standard treatment for type 2 DM
Low-carb diet, weight loss, oral hypoglycemic drug, insulin
Most common cause of hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal failure
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
Accidental parathyroidectomy
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek
Chvostek’s sign
Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN1
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
Heparin or LMWH
Preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation
Warfarin
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
Heparin or LMWH
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Thalassemia, Anemia of chronic disease, Iron deficiency, Lead poisoning, Sideroblastic anemia (TAILS)
Hypersegmented, neutrophils
Megaloblastic Anemia
Skull x-ray shows a “hair-on-end” appearance
β-thalassemia
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning
Painful cyanosis of the fingers and toes with hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Red urine in the morning, and fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobiuria
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
Autosplenectomy
Sickle cell disease
Drug uses to treat sickle cell disease
Hydroxyurea
Cancer most commonly associated with a noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
Sheets of lymphoid cells, with a “starry sky” appearance
Burkitt Lymphoma
Large B cell with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye nucleus”
Reed-strenberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)
Antiplatelet antibodies
Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier disease
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
von Willbrand Disease
“Smudge” cells
CLL
“Punched out” lytic bone lesions
Multiple Myeloma
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins
Rouleaux formation (multiple myeloma)
Monoclonal spike
Multiple myeloma, MGUS, Waldenstrom macroglobuliemia
Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blast
Auer rods (AML)
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi Sarcoma (HHV-8)
Temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1
Large cell with Owl’s Eye inclusions
CMV
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
Downey Cells ( HSV, CMV)
Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient
Parvovirus B19
Child with a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on the face that spreads to the body
Fifth disease (Parvovirus B19)
Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash
Rubeola (Measles)
Small irregular blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red
Kopek’s spots (Measles)
Treatment for CMV
Ganciclovir
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Drug used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia
Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole
Owl’s eye protozoan
Giardia lamblia
Treatment for oral candidiasis
Nystatin, fluconazole
Most common opportunistic infection for HIV patients
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients
Fluconazole
Treatment for systemic candidiasis
Fluonazole, Amphotericin B, echinocandin
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii
Itraconazole, potassium iodide
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in an HIV patient
Toxoplasmosis gondii
Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole
Most common protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
Most common helminth infection in the US
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms)
Second most common helminth infection in the US
Ascaris lumbricoides
