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DIT > Rapid Fire Facts > Flashcards

Rapid Fire Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of neural tube defects?

A

Folate Deficiency

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2
Q

Most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in the U.S.

A

Alcohol use during pregnancy

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3
Q

Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation. What disease and what defect?

A

Marfan sydrome

fibrillin

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4
Q

Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss. What disease and defect?

A

Alport syndrome

“can’t see, can’t pee, can’t hear high C”

type IV collagen

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5
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta inheritance and deficiency (type I)?

A

Auto Dom

type I collagen defect (alpha chain)

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6
Q

“worst headache of my life”

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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7
Q

Lucid interval following head trauma

A

Epidural hematoma

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8
Q

Bloody CSF on LP

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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9
Q

Most common cause of subdural hematoma

A

rupture of bridging veins

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10
Q

Most common cause of epidural hematoma

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery

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11
Q

What do the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm give rise to in a developing embyo?

A

Ureteric bud: collecting tubules and ducts, major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters

Metanephris mesoderm: glomeruli, Bowman’s space, proximal tubules, the loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubules

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12
Q

Cat-scratch disease is characterized by?

A

Bartonella henslae

low fever, tender lymphadenopathy, and is self limited

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13
Q

Which blood vessel supplies the AV node?

A

PDA

Originates from RCA 70% time
from RCA and LCA (codominant) 20%
and left circumflex 10%

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14
Q

What is the best lab method to measure gene expression?

A

Northern blot

look for mRNA

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15
Q

The most common cause of retinitis in HIV patients is what? How do you treat it?

A

CMV

CMV retinitis most frequently affects AIDs patients with a CD4+ lymphocyte count <50 and is best treated with gangciclovir

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16
Q

How do you treat cyanide poisoning?

A

Nitrites, by inducing methylglobinemia.

Methemoglobin contains ferric (Fe3+) rather than ferrous (Fe2+) iron. Cyanide binds to ferric iron more avidly than to mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes diminishing cyanide’s toxic effect.

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17
Q

Key findings in Edward’s syndrome?

A

Trisomy 18

hypertonia (clenched hands with overlapping fingers), rocker bottom feet, and cardiac/gastroitestinal/renal defects

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18
Q

Where does the psoas muscle originate from?

A

anterior surface of the transverse processes and lateral surface of the vertebral bodies at T12-L5

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19
Q

Where is the most fluid dilute/concentrated in the renal tubule?

A

Most concentrated in the collecting duct because this is permeable to water and where ADH works to collect more water

Most dilute in the TAL because not permeable to water so all water stays in tubule

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20
Q

What is the function of ANP?

A

secreted in response to stretch (HTN or hypervolemia) and causes peripheral vasodilation and increased urinary excretion of sodium and water

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21
Q

medical tx for pheochromocytoma

A

alpha antagonist

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22
Q

Selective alpha1 antagonist used to treat BPH

A

tamsulosin

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23
Q

continuous machine-like heart murmur

A

PDA

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24
Q

“Boot-shaped heart”

A

Tetralogy of fallot or Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

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25
Q

Rib notching

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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26
Q

Most common conenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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27
Q

Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis

A

Tetralogy of fallot

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28
Q

Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur

A

Aortic regurg

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29
Q

Continuous Machine like murmur

A

PDA

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30
Q

Bone enlargement, Bone pain, Arthritis

A

Paget dz of bone

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31
Q

Vertebral compression fx’s

A

Osteoporosis

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32
Q

Positive anterior drawer sign

A

ACL

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33
Q

Tenderness in anatomical snuff box

A

Scaphoid fx

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34
Q

Swollen, hard, painful finger joints

A

osteoarthritis

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35
Q

Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints

A

RA

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36
Q

Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath

A

Osteoarthritis

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37
Q

Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint

A

Gout

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38
Q

Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals

A

Pseudogout

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39
Q

Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals

A

Gout

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40
Q

Bamboo spine on Xray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

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41
Q

HLA-B27 arthritis

A

Seronegative spondyloarthritis

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42
Q

“Pencil-in-cup” deformity on Xray of the finger

A

Psoriatic arthritis

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43
Q

Anti-Smith and Anti-dsDNA antibodies

A

SLE

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44
Q

Anti-histone antibodies

A

Drug induced lupus

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45
Q

Anti-centromere antibodies

A

CREST scleroderma

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46
Q

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies (Scl-70)

A

Diffuse Scleroderma

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47
Q

Anti-Jo1 antibodies

A

Polymyositis

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48
Q

Anti-Ro antibodies

A

Sjorgren

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49
Q

Arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes

A

Sjorgren

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50
Q

Keratin pearls on Skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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51
Q

Most common malignant skin tumor

A

Basal Cell Cx

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52
Q

Main artery of the pelvis

A

Internal iliac artery

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53
Q

Main nerve of the pelvis

A

Pudendal

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54
Q

“Bag of worms” scrotum

A

varicocele

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55
Q

Most common cancer in men

A

Prostate cx

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56
Q

Most common cause of urinary obstruction in men

A

BPhyperplasia

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57
Q

Most common treatment of erectile dysfunction

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

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58
Q

Hepatic adenoma

A

OCP use

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59
Q

“Grape-like” vaginal tumor

A

Sarcoma botyroides

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60
Q

Koilocytes

A

HPV infection

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61
Q

Most common benign tumor in women

A

leiomyoma

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62
Q

“Chocolate cyst” of the ovary

A

endometriosis (endometrioma)

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63
Q

“Powder burn lesion”

A

endometriosis

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64
Q

Most common cause if infertility in women

A

PCOS

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65
Q

Midcycle pelvic pain associated with ovulation

A

Mittleschmerz

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66
Q

Ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax

A

Meigs syndrome (associated with fibroma)

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67
Q

Teratome –> hyperthyroidism

A

Struma ovarii

68
Q

“Snowstorm” appearance on US

A

Hydatidiform mole (complete 46 XX or XY)

69
Q

Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome

70
Q

Second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?

A

Fragile X syndrome

71
Q

Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma

A

Turner syndrome

72
Q

Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw

A

Edward syndrome (trisomy 18)

73
Q

Most common cancer in women in the U.S.

A

Breast cancer

74
Q

Most common benign breast tumor?

A

Fibroadenoma

75
Q

Most common malignant breast tumor

A

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

76
Q

Blue Dome cyst in the breast

A

Fibrocystic changes

77
Q

Treatment for ER(+) breast cx

A

Tomoxifen

78
Q

Red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nipple

A

Paget’s

79
Q

Branching filamentous, gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces isralii

80
Q

Standard treatment for T. pallidum

A

Penicillin

81
Q

Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite

A

P. multocida

82
Q

A non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion

A

Chancre (primary syphilis)

83
Q

Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion

A

condyloma lata (secondary syphilis)

84
Q

Large bull’s eye rash

A

Erythema migrans (lymes)

85
Q

Associated with Ghon focus or Ghon complex

A

Primary TB

86
Q

Associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of the upper lobes of lung

A

Reactivation TB

87
Q

Standard initial treatment regimen for TB

A

RIPE

Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

88
Q

Eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE

A

Hyper IgE syndrome

89
Q

Large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils

A

Chedak-Higashi

90
Q

Treatment for Absence seizures

A

Ethosuxamide

91
Q

Conjugate lateral gaze palsy with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze

A

Internuclear opthalmoplegia (MLF lesion)

92
Q

Degeneration of the dorsal columns

A

tabes dorsalis

93
Q

Demyelinating disease in a young woman

A

MS

94
Q

Mixed upper and LMN dz

A

ALS

95
Q

Depigmentation of the substantia nigra

A

Parkinsons

96
Q

Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen

A

Huntingtons

97
Q

Eosinophilic inclusions on the cytoplasm of neurons

A

Lewy bodies

98
Q

Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument

A

Babinski (+)

99
Q

Newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor

A

Erb-Duschene (waiter tip)

100
Q

Dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency

A

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

101
Q

Hematemesis with wretching

A

Mallory weiss tear

102
Q

Mucin filled cell with a peripheral nucleus

A

Stignet ring cell

103
Q

Most common type of stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

104
Q

Ovarian metastisis from gastric cancer

A

Kruckenberg tumor

105
Q

Gastric ulcerations and high gastric levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

106
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma

A

Cushing ulcer

107
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer

108
Q

Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation

A

Whipple dz

109
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antibodies

A

Celiac disease

110
Q

Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects

A

Folic acid

111
Q

Most common surgical emergency

A

appendicitis

112
Q

Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness

A

McBurney’s point

113
Q

GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands

A

Peutz-Jeghers

114
Q

Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors

A

Gardners syndrome

115
Q

“Apple core” on barium enema

A

Colon cx

116
Q

Most common site of colonic diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

117
Q

“string-sign” on contrast x-ray

A

Crohn’s dz

118
Q

“lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast x-ray

A

Ulcerative colitis

119
Q

Painless jaundice

A

Pancreatic cancer (head)

120
Q

Most common cause of acute pancreatitis

A

Gallstones and alcohol

121
Q

Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis

A

Alcohol abuse

122
Q

Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate

A

Crigler Najjar type I

123
Q

Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia

A

Gilbert syndrome

124
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes

A

Fatty liver disease

125
Q

Eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes

A

Mallory bodies

126
Q

Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis

A

Hepatocellular cancer

127
Q

Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites

A

Budd chiari

128
Q

Green/yellow corneal deposits

A

Wilson dz

129
Q

Low ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson dz

130
Q

Cirrhosis, diabetes, and hyperpigmentation

A

Hemachromatosis

131
Q

Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus

A

Kartageners syndrome

132
Q

Elevated D-dimer

A

PE, DVT

133
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood

A

Virchow’s triad

134
Q

Blue Bloater

A

Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, (chronic bronchitis)

135
Q

Pink puffer

A

Dyspnea, hyperventilation (emphysema)

136
Q

Curschmann spirals

A

Asthma (shed epithelium from mucous plugs)

137
Q

Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

A

sarcoidosis

138
Q

Antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture

139
Q

Honeycomb lung on CT

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

140
Q

“tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles

A

Birbeck granules (langerhans cell histiocytosis)

141
Q

Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)

142
Q

Lung cancer associated with SIADH

A

Small cell lung cancer

143
Q

Tumor associated with Horner Syndrome

A

Pancoast tumor

144
Q

Lung cancer associated with hypercapnia

A

Squamous cell cancer

145
Q

Lung cancer associated with Cushing syndrome

A

Small cell lung cancer

146
Q

Lung cancer associated with weakness

A

Small cell lung cancer

147
Q

Substances associated with lung cancer

A

Smoke, radon, silica, asbestos

148
Q

Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistent feer occurring several weeks after and MI

A

Dressler’s syndrome

149
Q

Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails

A

Infective endocarditis

150
Q

Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers

A

Roth spots (infective endocarditis)

151
Q

Heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis

A

Mitral valve

152
Q

Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis

A

Tricuspid valve

153
Q

Granulomatous nodules in the heart

A

Aschoff bodies (RHD)

154
Q

Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults

A

Left atrial myxoma

155
Q

Most common primary cardiac tumor in children

A

Rhabdomyoma

156
Q

Most common cause of contrictive pericarditis

A

SLE in the US

157
Q

c-ANCA

A

Wegner

158
Q

p-ANCA

A

Churg-Strauss, Microscopic polyangiitis

159
Q

Treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans

A

Smoking cessation

160
Q

Treatment for Giant cell arteritis

A

High dose steroids

161
Q

“strawberry cervix”

A

Trich vaginalis

162
Q

Clue cells on wet prep

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

163
Q

Bacteria with “school of fish” appearance

A

H. ducreyi

164
Q

boy with self mutilating behavior, intellectual disability, and gout

A

Lesch-Nyhan (HGPRT def)

165
Q

Orotic acid in the urine + elevated serum ammonia

A

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

166
Q

Orotic acid in the urine + normal serum ammonia

A

Oroticaciduria

167
Q

Megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate and B12

A

Oroticaciduria

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