Rapid Fire Facts Flashcards
Most common cause of neural tube defects?
Folate Deficiency
Most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in the U.S.
Alcohol use during pregnancy
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation. What disease and what defect?
Marfan sydrome
fibrillin
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss. What disease and defect?
Alport syndrome
“can’t see, can’t pee, can’t hear high C”
type IV collagen
osteogenesis imperfecta inheritance and deficiency (type I)?
Auto Dom
type I collagen defect (alpha chain)
“worst headache of my life”
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Lucid interval following head trauma
Epidural hematoma
Bloody CSF on LP
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
rupture of bridging veins
Most common cause of epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
What do the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm give rise to in a developing embyo?
Ureteric bud: collecting tubules and ducts, major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters
Metanephris mesoderm: glomeruli, Bowman’s space, proximal tubules, the loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubules
Cat-scratch disease is characterized by?
Bartonella henslae
low fever, tender lymphadenopathy, and is self limited
Which blood vessel supplies the AV node?
PDA
Originates from RCA 70% time
from RCA and LCA (codominant) 20%
and left circumflex 10%
What is the best lab method to measure gene expression?
Northern blot
look for mRNA
The most common cause of retinitis in HIV patients is what? How do you treat it?
CMV
CMV retinitis most frequently affects AIDs patients with a CD4+ lymphocyte count <50 and is best treated with gangciclovir
How do you treat cyanide poisoning?
Nitrites, by inducing methylglobinemia.
Methemoglobin contains ferric (Fe3+) rather than ferrous (Fe2+) iron. Cyanide binds to ferric iron more avidly than to mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes diminishing cyanide’s toxic effect.
Key findings in Edward’s syndrome?
Trisomy 18
hypertonia (clenched hands with overlapping fingers), rocker bottom feet, and cardiac/gastroitestinal/renal defects
Where does the psoas muscle originate from?
anterior surface of the transverse processes and lateral surface of the vertebral bodies at T12-L5
Where is the most fluid dilute/concentrated in the renal tubule?
Most concentrated in the collecting duct because this is permeable to water and where ADH works to collect more water
Most dilute in the TAL because not permeable to water so all water stays in tubule
What is the function of ANP?
secreted in response to stretch (HTN or hypervolemia) and causes peripheral vasodilation and increased urinary excretion of sodium and water
medical tx for pheochromocytoma
alpha antagonist
Selective alpha1 antagonist used to treat BPH
tamsulosin
continuous machine-like heart murmur
PDA
“Boot-shaped heart”
Tetralogy of fallot or Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
Most common conenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
Tetralogy of fallot
Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
Aortic regurg
Continuous Machine like murmur
PDA
Bone enlargement, Bone pain, Arthritis
Paget dz of bone
Vertebral compression fx’s
Osteoporosis
Positive anterior drawer sign
ACL
Tenderness in anatomical snuff box
Scaphoid fx
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
osteoarthritis
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
RA
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
Gout
Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
Pseudogout
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
Gout
Bamboo spine on Xray
Ankylosing spondylitis
HLA-B27 arthritis
Seronegative spondyloarthritis
“Pencil-in-cup” deformity on Xray of the finger
Psoriatic arthritis
Anti-Smith and Anti-dsDNA antibodies
SLE
Anti-histone antibodies
Drug induced lupus
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST scleroderma
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies (Scl-70)
Diffuse Scleroderma
Anti-Jo1 antibodies
Polymyositis
Anti-Ro antibodies
Sjorgren
Arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes
Sjorgren
Keratin pearls on Skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal Cell Cx
Main artery of the pelvis
Internal iliac artery
Main nerve of the pelvis
Pudendal
“Bag of worms” scrotum
varicocele
Most common cancer in men
Prostate cx
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPhyperplasia
Most common treatment of erectile dysfunction
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Hepatic adenoma
OCP use
“Grape-like” vaginal tumor
Sarcoma botyroides
Koilocytes
HPV infection
Most common benign tumor in women
leiomyoma
“Chocolate cyst” of the ovary
endometriosis (endometrioma)
“Powder burn lesion”
endometriosis
Most common cause if infertility in women
PCOS
Midcycle pelvic pain associated with ovulation
Mittleschmerz
Ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax
Meigs syndrome (associated with fibroma)
Teratome –> hyperthyroidism
Struma ovarii
“Snowstorm” appearance on US
Hydatidiform mole (complete 46 XX or XY)
Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Down syndrome
Second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?
Fragile X syndrome
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome
Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
Edward syndrome (trisomy 18)
Most common cancer in women in the U.S.
Breast cancer
Most common benign breast tumor?
Fibroadenoma
Most common malignant breast tumor
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
Blue Dome cyst in the breast
Fibrocystic changes
Treatment for ER(+) breast cx
Tomoxifen
Red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nipple
Paget’s
Branching filamentous, gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces isralii
Standard treatment for T. pallidum
Penicillin
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
P. multocida
A non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Chancre (primary syphilis)
Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
condyloma lata (secondary syphilis)
Large bull’s eye rash
Erythema migrans (lymes)
Associated with Ghon focus or Ghon complex
Primary TB
Associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of the upper lobes of lung
Reactivation TB
Standard initial treatment regimen for TB
RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE
Hyper IgE syndrome
Large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils
Chedak-Higashi
Treatment for Absence seizures
Ethosuxamide
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
Internuclear opthalmoplegia (MLF lesion)
Degeneration of the dorsal columns
tabes dorsalis
Demyelinating disease in a young woman
MS
Mixed upper and LMN dz
ALS
Depigmentation of the substantia nigra
Parkinsons
Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
Huntingtons
Eosinophilic inclusions on the cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy bodies
Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
Babinski (+)
Newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor
Erb-Duschene (waiter tip)
Dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Hematemesis with wretching
Mallory weiss tear
Mucin filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
Stignet ring cell
Most common type of stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
Ovarian metastisis from gastric cancer
Kruckenberg tumor
Gastric ulcerations and high gastric levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation
Whipple dz
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antibodies
Celiac disease
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
Folic acid
Most common surgical emergency
appendicitis
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney’s point
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardners syndrome
“Apple core” on barium enema
Colon cx
Most common site of colonic diverticula
Sigmoid colon
“string-sign” on contrast x-ray
Crohn’s dz
“lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast x-ray
Ulcerative colitis
Painless jaundice
Pancreatic cancer (head)
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis
Gallstones and alcohol
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse
Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler Najjar type I
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert syndrome
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
Fatty liver disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory bodies
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
Hepatocellular cancer
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd chiari
Green/yellow corneal deposits
Wilson dz
Low ceruloplasmin
Wilson dz
Cirrhosis, diabetes, and hyperpigmentation
Hemachromatosis
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus
Kartageners syndrome
Elevated D-dimer
PE, DVT
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
Virchow’s triad
Blue Bloater
Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, (chronic bronchitis)
Pink puffer
Dyspnea, hyperventilation (emphysema)
Curschmann spirals
Asthma (shed epithelium from mucous plugs)
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
sarcoidosis
Antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture
Honeycomb lung on CT
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
“tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules (langerhans cell histiocytosis)
Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)
Lung cancer associated with SIADH
Small cell lung cancer
Tumor associated with Horner Syndrome
Pancoast tumor
Lung cancer associated with hypercapnia
Squamous cell cancer
Lung cancer associated with Cushing syndrome
Small cell lung cancer
Lung cancer associated with weakness
Small cell lung cancer
Substances associated with lung cancer
Smoke, radon, silica, asbestos
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistent feer occurring several weeks after and MI
Dressler’s syndrome
Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails
Infective endocarditis
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots (infective endocarditis)
Heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
Mitral valve
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis
Tricuspid valve
Granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies (RHD)
Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
Left atrial myxoma
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
Most common cause of contrictive pericarditis
SLE in the US
c-ANCA
Wegner
p-ANCA
Churg-Strauss, Microscopic polyangiitis
Treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans
Smoking cessation
Treatment for Giant cell arteritis
High dose steroids
“strawberry cervix”
Trich vaginalis
Clue cells on wet prep
Gardnerella vaginalis
Bacteria with “school of fish” appearance
H. ducreyi
boy with self mutilating behavior, intellectual disability, and gout
Lesch-Nyhan (HGPRT def)
Orotic acid in the urine + elevated serum ammonia
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Orotic acid in the urine + normal serum ammonia
Oroticaciduria
Megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate and B12
Oroticaciduria
