Rapid fire facts Flashcards
1
Q
most common cause of neural tube defects
A
folate deficiency
2
Q
most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in the U.S.
A
alcohol use
3
Q
hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
A
marfan syndrome
4
Q
hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
A
Alport syndrome
5
Q
“worst headache of my life”
A
subarachnoid hemorrhage
6
Q
lucid interval following head trauma
A
epidural hematoma
7
Q
bloody CSF on Lumbar puncture
A
subarachnoid hemorrhage
8
Q
most common cause of subdural hematoma
A
rupture of bridging vein
9
Q
most common cause of epidural hematoma
A
rupture of middle meningeal artery
10
Q
most common cause of dementia
A
alzheimers
11
Q
second most common cause of dementia
A
vascular dementia
12
Q
extracellular amyloid deposits in the gray matter
A
amyloid plaques in alzheimers
13
Q
intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
A
neurofibrillary tangles in alzheimers
14
Q
intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain
A
pick bodies of frontotemporal dementia (pick disease)
15
Q
treatment for absence seizures
A
ethosuximide
16
Q
conjugate lateral gaze palsy ,with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
A
intranuclear opthalmophegia
17
Q
degeneration of the dorsal columns
A
tabes dorsalis (4th stage of syphillis)
18
Q
demyelinating disease in a young woman
A
multiple sclerosis
19
Q
mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
A
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
20
Q
depigmentation of the substantia nigra
A
parkinson disease
21
Q
chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and the putamen
A
Huntingon disease
22
Q
eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons
A
Lewy bodies
23
Q
toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
A
+ babinski reflex
24
Q
newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor
A
erb-duchenne palsy
25
drooling farmer
organophosphate poisoning
26
medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
alpha agonist
27
selective alpha1 antagonist used to treat BPH
tamsulosin
28
continuous, machinery like heart murmur
patent ductus arteriosus
29
"boot shaped heart"
tetralogy of fallot
30
rib notching
coarctation of the aorta
31
most common congenital cardiac anomaly
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
32
most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
tetralogy of fallot
33
bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
aortic regurgitation
34
chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistent fever occurring several weeks after an MI
dressler syndrome
35
splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails
infective endocarditis
36
retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roths spots-infective endocarditis
37
heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
mitral valve
38
heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis
tricuspid valve
39
granulomatous nodules in the heart
aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
40
most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
myxoma (left atrium)
41
most common primary cardiac tumor in children
rhabdomyoma (associated with tuberous sclerosis)
42
most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
Lupus in U.S., T.B. in developing countries
43
c-ANCA
granulamatosis with polyangitis
44
p-ANCA
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (Churg-Strauss), microscopic polyangitis
45
treatment for thromboangitis obliterans
STOP SMOKING!
46
treatment for giant cell arteritis
high dose steroids for several months
47
bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis
paget disease of the bone
48
vertebral compression fractures
osteoporosis
49
positive anterior drawer sign
ACL tear
50
tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox
scaphoid fracture
51
swollen, hard, painful finger joints
osteoathritis
52
swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
rheumatoid arthritis
53
cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath
osteoarthritis
54
swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
gout.."podagra"
55
Positively birefrigent rhomboid shaped crystals
pseudogout (calicum pyrophosphate crystals). blue are parallel and yellow are perpendicular
56
Negatively birefrigent needle shaped crystals
Gout (monosodium urate (MSU) crystals). yellow is parallel and blue is perpendicular
57
bamboo spine on xray
ankylosing spondylitis
58
HLA-B27
seronegative spondyloarthropathies
59
pencil-in-cup deformity on xray of the finger
psoriatic arthritis
60
Anti-smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies
SLE
61
anti-histone antibodies
drug induced Lupus, but can see with SLE
62
anti-centromere antibodies
CREST scleroderma
63
anti-topoisomerase antibodies (anti-Scl70)
diffuse scleroderma
64
Anti-Jo-1 antibodies
polymyositis
65
Anti-Ro antibodies (anti SSA, SSB)
Sjogren syndrome
66
arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes
sjogren syndrome
67
keratin pearls on skin biopsy
squamous cell carcinoma
68
most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
69
main artery of the pelvis
internal iliac artery
70
main nerve of the pelvis
pudendal n.
71
"bag of worms" scrotum
varicocele
72
most common cancer in men
prostate cancer
73
most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
74
most common treatment of erectile dysfunction
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
75
Hepatic adenoma
OCP use
76
"grape like" vaginal tumor
sacroma botryoides
77
koilocytes (enlarged nuclei, cytoplasmic clearing around nuclei, "perinuclear halos")
HPV infectin
78
most common benign tumor in women
leiomyomas (fibroids)
79
"chocolate cyst" of the ovary
endometriomas
80
"powder burn" lesion
endometriosus
81
most common cause of infertility in women
PCOS
82
midcycle pelvic pain associated with ovulation
mittelschmerz
83
ovarian tumor +ascites+hydrothorax
Meigs syndrome
84
teratoma --> hyperthyroidism
struma ovarii
85
"snowstorm"appearance on ultrasound
hydatidiform mole
86
most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
down syndrome
87
second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
fragile X syndrome
88
horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
turner syndrome
89
rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
edwards syndrome
90
most common cause overall of intellectual disability
fetal alcohol syndrome
91
most common cancer in women in the us
Breast cancer
92
most common benign breast tumor
fibroadenoma
93
most common malignant breast tumor
invasive ductal carcinoma
94
blue dome cyst in the breast
fibrocystic change
95
treatment for ER(+) breast cancer
tamoxifen
96
red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nipple
paget disease of the breast
97
branching, filamentous, gram positive rods with sulfur granules
actinomyces israeli
98
standard treatment for T.pallidum
Penicillin G, if PCN allergy doxycycline
99
cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
pasteurella multocida
100
a non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
chancre of primary syphilis
101
moist, smooth, white, flat genital lesion
condyloma lata (secondary syphilis)
102
large bulls eye rash
lyme disease (erthema migrans)
103
associated with a Ghon focus or Ghon complex + hilar lymphadenopathy
primary tuberculosis
104
associated with lung infiltrate in the apical posterior segments of upper lobes
reactivated TB
105
standard initial treatment regimen for TB
rifampin, INH, pyrazinamide,ethambutol
106
"strawberry" cervix
trichomonas vaginalis
107
clue cells
gardnerell vaginalis
108
bacteria with "school of fish" appearance
Chancroid- haemophilus ducreyi
109
dark purple lesions on the skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi Sarcoma (HHV-8)
110
temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1
111
"Owls-eye" inclusions in organ tissue
CMV
112
intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
Type A cowdry bodies (HSV, VZV, CMV)
113
aplastic anemia in sickle cell patient
parvovirus B19
114
child with fever and "slapped cheek" rash on the face that spreads to the body
```
Erthema infectiosum(also known as fifth disease)
caused by parvovirus B19
```
115
fever, runny noses, cough , conjuctivitis,and diffuse rash
Rubeola (measles)
116
small, irregular, blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red
Koplik's spots (measles)
117
large cells with "owls eye inclusions"
CMV
118
treatment for CMV
ganglicyclovir
119
most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
pneumocystis pneumonia
120
drugs used to PREVENT/prophylaxis pneumocystic pneumonia
TMP-SMX
121
treatment for oral candidiasis
nystatin, fluconazole
122
treatment for sytemic candidiasis
fluconazole, amphotericin B, echinocandin
123
treatment for sporothrix schenckii
itraconazole, potassium iodide
124
ring enhancing brain lesion in HIV patient
toxoplasma gondii
125
treatment for trichomonas vaginalis
metronidazole
126
most common protozoal diarrhea
giardia lamblia
127
eczema, recurrent cold absecess, high serum IgE
hyper IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)
128
large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils
Chediak Higashi syndrome
129
dyphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia
plummer vinson syndrome
130
hematemesis with retching
mallory weiss tear
131
mucin filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
signet ring seen in lobular carcinoma insitu of the breast and gastric adenocarcinoma
132
most common type of stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
133
ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer
krukenberg tumor
134
gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger ellison syndrome
135
acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
cushing ulcer
136
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
curling ulcer
137
weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigementation
whipple disease
138
anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antibodies
Celiac disease
139
vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defect
folic acid
140
most common surgical emergency
appendicitis
141
severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
appendicitis
142
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
peutz-jeghers syndrome
143
multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
gardner syndrome
144
Apple core lesion on barium enema
colon cancer
145
most common site of colonic diverticula
sigmoid colon
146
"string sign" on contrast xray
crohns disease
147
"lead pipe"(loss of haustra) appearance of colon on contrast xray
ulcerative colitis
148
painless jaundice
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
149
most common cause of acute pancreatitis
gallstones, alcohol
150
most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
alcohol abuse
151
severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1
152
mild, benign hyperbiliruninemia
gilbert syndrome
153
triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
fatty liver disease
154
eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes
mallory bodies
155
cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma
156
hepatomegaly. abdominal pain, ascites
Budd Chiari syndrome
157
green/yellow corneal deposits
wilson disease
158
low serum cerulospamin
wilson disease
159
cirrhosis, diabetes, and hyperpigmentation
hemochromatosis
160
chronic sinusitis, infertility and situs inversus
kartagener syndrome (Defective dynein)
161
Elevated DDimer
PE, DVT
162
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
virchow's triad
163
blue bloater
chronic bronchitis
164
pink puffer
emphysema
165
curshmann spirals
asthma
166
bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
sarcoidosis
167
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
good pasture syndrome
168
honeycomb lung on x-ray
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
169
"tennis racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules of langerhan cell histiocytosis
170
iron containing nodules in the alveolar septum
ferruginous bodies (asbestos)
171
lung cancer associated with SIADH
small cell carcinoma
172
tumor associated with horner syndrome
pancoast tumor
173
lung cancer associated hypercalcemia
squamous cell carcinoma (increased PTH secretion)
174
lung cancer associated with cushing syndrome
(increased ACTH) small cell carcinoma
175
lung cancer associated with weakness
small cell carcinoma
176
substances associated with lung cancer
smoke, radon, silica, asbestos
177
a boy with self mutilating behavior, intellectual disability, and gout
Lesh-Nyhan syndrome
178
orotic acid in the urine + elevated serum ammonia
ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
179
orotic acid in the urine + normal serum ammonia
orotic aciduria
180
megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate and B12
orotic aciduria
181
bluish colored lines on the gingivae
Burton's lines (lead poisoning)
182
treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
vitamin D
183
swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin
scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)
184
most common vitamin deficiency in the US
folate (B9) deficiency
185
hypersegmented neutrophils
megaloblastic anemia
186
dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy
Wet Beriberi (thiamine deficiency)
187
most common class of medication for bulimia nervosa
SSRIs (fluoxetine)
188
most common medication for ADHD
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
189
medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
benzodiazepines
190
most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
alcoholics anonymous
191
atrophy of the mammillary bodies
wernicke encephalopathy
192
treatment for central Diabetes Insipidus
desmospressin
193
treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
194
treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
amiloride
195
inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
sheehan syndrome
196
infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopia
hyperprolactin (prolactinoma)
197
most common causes of cushing syndrome
iatrogenic exogenous corticosteroid therapy (1st)
pituitary adenoma (2nd)
non-pituitary tumor or cancer that produces ectopic ACTH (small cell lung cancer)
adrenal overproduction of cortisol (adrenal adenoma)
198
most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal adenoma
199
medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
spironolactone or eplerenone
200
adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
addison disease
201
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
hyperaldosteronism
202
most common tumor of the adrenal
Benign, nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma
203
most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
pheochromocytoma (chromaffin cell tumor)
204
most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children
neuroblastoma (tumor of sympathetic ganglion cells)
205
pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroism
MEN2A
206
pheochromoctyoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
MEN2B
207
medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
alpha nonselective blocker (can add beta blocker for increased heart rate but never give beat blocker by itself because the epi released from the pheochromocytoma will still activate the alpha receptors and INCREASE BP even more
208
cold intolerance
hypothyroidism
209
most common thyroid cancer
papillary thyroid cancer
210
enlarged thyroid cells with ground glass nuclei
papillary thyroid cancer
211
most common cause of hypercalcemia
primary hyperparathyroidism
212
most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
solitary parathyroid adenoma
213
most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
chronic renal failure--> hypocalcemia
214
most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
accidental parathyroidectomy
215
facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek
chvostek sign
216
parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN1
217
preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
heparin/LMWH
218
preferred anticoagulant for long term anticoagulation
warfarin
219
preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
hepain/LMWH
220
causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, lead poisoning, anemia of chronic disease
221
skull xray shows "hair on end" appearance
Beta thalassemia, sickle cell disease
222
basophilic stippling of RBCs
lead poisoning
223
painful cyanosis of the finger and toes with hemolytic anemia
cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
224
red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
225
basophilic nuclear remnants in the RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
226
autosplenectomy
sickle cell disease
227
drug used to treat sickle cell disease
hydroxyurea (increases production of HbF)
228
antiplatelet antibodies (gbIIb/IIIa)
immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
229
bleeding disorder with gp1b deficiency
Bernard-Soulier disease
230
most common inherited bleeding disorder
von willebrand disease (tx: DDAVP)
231
gb IIb/IIIa defect
glanzamann's thrombasthenia
232
cancer most commonly associated with a noninfectious fever
hodgkin lymphoma
233
sheets of lymphoid cells, "starry sky" appearance
burkitt lymphoma
234
large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent "owl's eye inclusions"
Reed sternberg cell (hodgkins lymphoma)
235
smudge cells
CLL
236
reddish pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer rods
