Rapid Fire Facts Flashcards
Vertebral compression fractures
Osteoporosis
Positive anterior drawer sign
ACL injury
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
Cartilage erosion with polished bone underneath
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
Gout
Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
Pseudogout
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
Gout
Bamboo spine on X-ray
Ankylosing spondylitis
HLA-B27
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies
Lupus
Anti-histone antibodies
Drug-induced lupus
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST scleroderma
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
Anti-Jo-1 antibodies
Polymyositis
Anti-rho antibodies
Sjögren syndome
Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman
Lupus
Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes
Sjögren syndrome
Most common cause of death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy/nephritis
Selective α-1 antagonist used to treat BPH
Tamsulosin
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
Marfan syndrome
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineuronal hearing loss
Alport syndrome
Most common cause of neural tube defects
Folate deficiency
Most common cause of congenital intellectual disability in the U.S.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Most common cause of congenital malformations in the U.S.
Alcohol use
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead
Bell’s palsy
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Horner’s syndrome
“Worst headache of my life”
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Lucid interval following head trauma
Epidural hematoma
Bloody CSF on LP
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins
Most common cause of epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
Treatment for absence seizures
Ethosuximide
Treatment for tonic-clonic seizures
Phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine
Amyloid deposits in the gray matter of the brain
Senile plaques of Alzheimer’s disease
Drooling farmer
Organophosphate poisoning
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
α-antagonist
Continuous machinery-like heart murmur
PDA
“Boot-shaped heart”
Tetralogy of Fallot or RVH in adult
Most common congenital cardiac defect
VSD
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
Bounding pulses, head-bobbing, diastolic murmur
Aortic regurgitation
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common cancer in men
Prostate cancer
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
Most common treatment for erectile dysfunction
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Dysplastic cervical cells with enlarged dark nuclei
Koilocytes (associated with HPV infection)
Diethystilbestrol (DES) exposure
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
Most common tumor in women
Leiomyoma
Most common gynecologic malignancy in the U.S.
Endometrial carcinoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal
Benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in adults)
Pheochromocytoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal (in children)
Neuroblastoma
Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal adenoma
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone or eplerenone
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
Nonselective α-blocker
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism
MEN 2A
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
MEN 2B
Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
Addison disease
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis
Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
Most common thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
Papillary carcinoma
Standard treatment for DKA
IV fluids, IV insulin, potassium replacement
Standard treatment for type 1 DM
Insulin
Standard treatment for type 2 DM
Low-carb diet, weight loss, oral hypoglycemic drugs, insulin
Most common cause of hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal failure
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
Accidental parathyroidectomy
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek
Chvostek’s sign
Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN 1
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
Heparin or LMWH
Preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation
Warfarin
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
Heparin or LMWH
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency, thalassemia, lead poisoning
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia
Skull X-Ray shows a “hair-on-end” appearance
Marrow hyperplasia
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning
Painful cyanosis of the fingers and toes with hemolytic anemia
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jowell bodies
Autosplenectomy
Sickle cell disease
Drug used to treat sickle cell disease
Hydroxyurea
Antiplatelet antibodies
Immune thrombocytopenia
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier disease
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
Cancer most commonly associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
Sheets of lymphoid cells with a “starry sky” appearance
Burkitt lymphoma
Large B cells with bi-lobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye” inclusions
Hodgkin lymphoma
“Smudge” cells
CLL
“Punched out” lytic bone lesions
Multiple myeloma
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins
Rouleaux formation (multiple myeloma)
Monoclonal antibody spike
Multiple myeloma, MGUS, Waldenström macroglbulinemia
Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer rods (AML)
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi sarcoma
Temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1
Owl’s eye inclusions in organ tissue
CMV
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
HSV, CMV
Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient
Parvovirus B19
Child with a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on the face that spreads to his body
Fifth disease (Parvovirus B19)
Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash
Measles (Rubeola)
Small irregular blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa surrounded by a base of red
Koplik’s spots (Measles)
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi sarcoma
Large cells with owl’s eye inclusions
CMV
Treatment for CMV
Ganciclovir
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Drug used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia
TMP-SMX
Treatment for oral candidiasis
Nystatin, fluconazole
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients
Fluconazole
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients
TMP-SMX
Treatment for systemic candidiasis
Fluconazole, amphotericin B, echinocandin
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii
Itraconazole, potassium iodide
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in an HIV patient
Toxoplasma gondii
Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole
Most common protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
Bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis
Paget disease of the bone
Most common helminth infection in the U.S.
Enterobius vermicularis
Second most common helminth infection in the U.S.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
Sheehan syndrome
Cold, pale, painful digits
Raynaud phenomenon
c-ANCA
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)
p-ANCA
Microscopic polyangiitis
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Treatment for Buerger disease
Smoking cessation
Treatment for temporal arteritis
High dose steroids
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in neonates
Group B Strep
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in children
S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in adults
S. pneumoniae
Osteomyelitis in an IV drug user
S. aureus, Pseudomonas
Osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient
Salmonella
Most common reportable STD
Chlamydia
Non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Primary syphilis
Painful, indurated, ulcerated, genital lesion with exudate
Chancroid (H. ducreyi)
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells on a wet prep of vaginal discharge
Bacterial vaginosis
Common treatment for syphilis
Penicillin
Common treatment for Trichomonas
Metronidazole
Common treatment for Chlamydia
Doxycycline or azithromycin
Common treatment for gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
A boy with self-mutiliating behavior, intellectual disability, and gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.
Folate (B9) deficiency
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy
Wet Beriberi (vitamin B1 deficiency)
Orotic acid in the urine and elevations in serum ammonia
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Orotic acid in the urine and no elevations in serum ammonia
Orotic acidura (UMP synthase deficiency)
Megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate and B12
Orotic acidura (UMP synthase deficiency)
Most common medication for ADHD
Methylphenidate
Most common medication for bulimia nervosa
SSRIs (e.g. fluoxetine)
Medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepines
Most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
Alcoholics anonymous
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy
Treatment for central DI
Desmopressin
Treatment for nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, indomethacin
Treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
Amiloride
Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
Glomerulonephritis + pulmonary vasculitis
Granulomatosis with polynagiitis
Goodpasture syndrome
Red cell casts
Acute glomerulonephritis
Waxy casts
Chronic renal failure
Thyroid-like appearance of the kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis
Most common renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma
Most common type of renal stone
Calcium stones
Type of renal stone associated with Proteus
Struvite stones
Bluish-colored lines on the gingivae
Lead poisoning (Burton’s lines)
Treatment of choice for Rickets or osteomalacia
Vitamin D
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac disease
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
Folate
Most common surgical emergency
Appendicitis
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney’s sign (appendicitis)
Most common cancer of the appendix
Carcinoid tumor
GI hamartomas, hyper pigmentation of mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndromeM\
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
“Apple core” lesion on barium enema
Colon cancer
Infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopsia
Prolactinoma
Most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide
Cervical cancer
Chocolate cyst of the ovary
Endometriosis
Most common benign ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenoma
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Disarrayed granolas cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor)
Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Down syndrome
Second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Fragile X Syndrome
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome
Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)
Most common cancer in women in the U.S.
Breast cancer
Most common benign breast tumor
Fibroadenoma
Most common malignant breast tumor
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Blue dome cyst in the breast
Fibrocystic change
Treatment for ER+ breast cancer
Tamoxifen
Red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola or nipple
Paget disease
Branching, filamentous, Gram + rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
Food poisoning due to exotoxin
S. aureus, B. cereus
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
Most common bacteria in a patient with struvite kidney stones
Proteus
Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
Standard treatment for T. pallidum
Penicillin
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
A non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Chancre of primary syphilis
Large bull’s eye rash
Erythema migrants of Lyme disease
Calcified granuloma in the lung + hilar lymphadenopathy
Ghon complex
Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
Pott’s disease
Standard treatment regimen for TB
Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
Eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE
Hyper IgE syndrome
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Dysphagia, glossitis, iron deficiency
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Hematemesis with retching
Mallord-Weiss syndrome
Munin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
Signet ring cell
also seen in LCIS
Most common type of stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer
Krukenberg tumor
Gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
Babinski reflex
Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, and positive Babinski sign
Upper motor neuron lesion
Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, and muscle atrophy
Lower motor neuron lesion
Eosinophilic inclusions the cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy bodies
Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
Huntington disease
Depigmentation of the substantia nigra
Parkinson disease
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
Internuclear opthalmoplegia
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
ALS
Degeneration of the dorsal columns
Tabes dorsalis
Demyelinating disease in a young woman
Multiple sclerosis
Newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer disease
Second most common cause of dementia
Multi-infarct dementia
Extracellular amyloid deposits in the gray matter
Alzheimer disease (amyloid plaques)
Intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Alzheimer disease (neurofibrillary tangles)
Intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain
Pick disease (frontotemporal dementia)
Most common site of colonic diverticula
Sigmoid colon
“String sign” on contrast X-ray
Crohn’s disease
“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast X-ray
Ulcerative colitis
Painless jaundice
Pancreatic cancer
Most common cause of pancreatitis
Gallstones and alcohol
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse
Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler-Najjar syndrome (type I)
Mild, benign, hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert syndrome
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
Fatty liver disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory bodies
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Green/yellow corneal deposits
Kayser-Fleischer rings (Wilson disease)
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson disease
Cirrhosis, diabetes, and hyperpigmentation
Hemochromatosis
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus
Kartagener syndrome
Elevated D-dimers
PE, DVT
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
Virchow’s triad
Blue bloater
Hypoxemia, hypercapnia (chronic bronchitis)
Pink puffer
Dyspnea, hyperventilation (emphysema)
Curschmann’s spirals
Shed epithelium from mucus plugs (asthma)
Most common cause of pulmonary HTN
COPD
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and uveitis
Sarcoidosis
Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture, Wegener’s
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture
Honeycomb lung on X-ray
Interstitial fibrosis
“Tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules
Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies
Lung cancer associated with SIADH
Small cell carcinoma
Tumor associated with Horner syndrome
Pancoast tumor
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistent fever occurring several weeks after MI
Dressler syndrome
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots (infective endocarditis)
Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails
Infective endocarditis
Heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
Mitral valve
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis
Tricuspid valve
Granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies (Rheumatic heart disease)
Most common pulmonary cardiac tumor in adults
Left atrial myxoma
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
U.S. = Lupus
Developing countries = TB
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin
Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)
