rank C.1 Flashcards
replenish
to fill something up again
syn.) refill, restore, renew
substantiate
to support a claim with facts, or to show something to be true
syn.) confirm, prove, authenticate, verify
strenuous
needing or using a lot of physical or material effort or energy
syn.) intense, arduous, laborious
arduous
difficult, needing a lot of effort and energy
sleek
smooth, shiny and therefore looking well cared for
cf.) smooth, silky
subdue
to bring a person or group under control by using force
cf.) defeat, conquer, vanquish
eg.) Police say they have a range of methods available to them to subdue a person during a confrontation.
vanquish
to defeat an enemy or opponent, especially in war
sedentary
involving little exercise or physical activity
syn.) stationary, settled
eg.) My doctor says I should start playing sport because my lifestyle is too sedentary.
unrivaled
having no equal; better than any other of the same type
syn.) unequaled, unparelleled, matchless, peerless
contour
the shape of a mass of land or other object, especially its curved surfave or the curved shape formed by its outer edge
syn.) outline
irrevocably
in a way that is impossible to change
syn.) permanently, irreversibly, irretrievably
stunted
prevented from growing or developing to the usual size
syn.) underdeveloped, hindered, hampered
eg.) A few stunted trees were the only vegetation visible.
malleable
a malleable substance is easily changed into a new shape
syn.) flexible
encroachment
the act of gradually taking away someone else’s right, or taking control of someone’s time, work, etc…
syn.) (gradual) invation, intrusion
eg.) The new censorship laws are serious encroachments on freedom of expression.
earmark
to keep or intend something for a particular purpuse
syn) distribute, allot, allocate, designate
eg.) Five billion dollars of this year’s budget is already earmarked for hospital improvements.
prolific
producing a great number or amount of something
syn) fertile, fruitful, productive, abundant
eg.) He was probably the most prolific songwriter of his generation.
gauge
to calculate an amount, especially by using a measuring device
syn.) judgem assess, evaluate, appraise
engrave
to cut words, pictures, or patterns into the surfave of metal, stone, etc.
syn.) carve, incise, etch
eg.) The bracelet was engraved with his name and date of birth.
etch
to cut a pattern, picture etc. into a smooth surface, especially on metal or glass, using acid or a sharp instrument.
syn.) carve, incise, engrave
eg.) He etched his name on a piece of glass.
optimize
to make something as good as possible
syn.) make the best use of
eg.) We need to optimize our use of the existing technology.
supplant
to replace
syn.) replace, substitute, displace, supersede
eg.) Printed books will soon be supplanted by e-books.
supersede
to replace something, especially something older or more old-fashioned
syn.) replace, supplant, displace, substitute
eg.) Most of the old road has been superseded by the great interstate highways.
colossal
extremely large
syn.) enormous, monstrous, gigantic
eg.) They were asking a colossal amount of money for the house.
emanate
to express a quality or feeling through the way that you look and behave
syn.) emerge, spring, originate
eg.) Her face emanated sadness.
sporadically
sometimes, but not regularly or continuously
syn.) occasioncally, at intervals, infrequently
eg.) Fighting continued throughout the afternoon and sporadically into Friday night.
stamp something out
to get rid of something that is wrong or harmful
syn.) eliminate, eradicate, extirpate
eg.) The new legislation is intended to stamp out child prostitution.
eradicate
to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad
syn.) stamp sth out, eliminate, extirpate
eg.) The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
extirpate
to remove or destroy something completely
syn.) stamp sth out, eliminate, eradicate
eg.) The maintenance of barn owls in this area where terrestrial predators of rodents have been widely extirpated should be encouraged.
stagnation
a situation in which something stays the same and does not grow and develop
syn.) low growth, downturn
obsolete
not use any more, having been replaced by something newer and better or more fashionable
syn.) out of date, outdated, unused, out of use
stipulate
to say exactly how something must be or must be done
syn.) specify, define, state
eg.) State laws stipulate that public education be free.
entail
to make something necessary, ot to involve something
syn.) involve, cause,require, demand
eg.) Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk.
ascendency
a position of power, strength, or success
syn.) supremacy, dominance, predominance
eg.) They are in danger of losing their political ascendancy (= controlling power).
ravage
to cause great damage to something
syn.) destroy, demolish devastate, ruin
eg.) The area has been ravaged by drought/floods/war.
discrepancy
a difference between two things that should be the same
syn.) inconsistency, disparity, dissimilarity
eg.) There is some discrepancy between the two accounts.
cogent
A cogent argument, reason, etc. is clearly expressed and persuades people to believe it.
syn.) convincing, compelling
eg.) Such timing events are used to assemble cogent hypotheses about ribosome origins and thereby obtain insights into this very early phase in biological evolution.
discrepant
showing a difference between two things that should be the same
syn.) contradictory, incompatible
eg.) These findings are discrepant with data from several other studies.
remnant
a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger original piece or amount
syn.) residue, remains, remainder
astounding
very surprising or shocking
syn.) astonishing, incredible, amazing
intermittently
in a way that does not happen regularly or with periods in between
syn.) occasionally, periodically
eg,) In eastern north America, it rains intermittently throughout the year.
exorbitant
Exorbitant prices, demands, etc. are much too large.
syn,) inordinate, excessive, undue
undue
to a level that is more than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable
eg,) Such a high increase will impose an undue burden on the local tax payer.
embodiment
(the embodiment of sth) someone or something that represents a a quality or an idea exactly
eg.) The demigod Hercules from Greek mythology is the embodiment of masculinity.
epitome
(the epitome of something) the typical or highest example of a stated quality, as shown by a particular person or thing
eg.) Even now in her sixties, she is the epitomw of French elegance.
surmise
a guess
syn.) spectlation, conjecture, supposition
eg.) The article is pure surmise and innuendo.
captivating
holding your attention by being extremely interesting, exciting, pleasant or attractive
syn.) fascinating, extremely attractive, enthralling
enthralling
keeping someone’s interest and attention completly
constellation
a group of famous or admired people all together in one place
eg.) Jerusalem is a city that is known for the constellation of cultures.
unconsolidated
relating to or involving the separate financial accounts or results of each company in a group, not combined with the others
syn.) loose, inconheret
disputatious
liking to argue and disagree, or arguing and disagreement a lot
contentious
causing, involving, or likely to cause disagreement and argument
manifold
many and of several different types
eg.) Despite her manifold faults, she was a strong leader.
syn.) diverse, varied, various
eerie
strange in a frightening and mysterious way
eg.) He had the eerie feeling that he had met this stranger before.
syn.) odd, strange
tenuous
A tenuous connection, idea, or situation is weak and possibly does not exist
eradicate
to get rig of sth completely or destroy sth bad
syn.) remove, root up, extirpate, eliminate
eg.) The US spends $50 billlion per year trying to eradicate drug use.
extirpate
to remove or destroy sth completely
lodge
to become stuch in a piece or position
syn.) embed, implant
eg.) The meteor flew in from outer space lodged in the rock.
gather momentum
to became faster, stronger, etc
eg.) Business at the new book shop was slow at first, but soon it started to gather momentum.
arid
very dry and without enough rain for plants
sterile
(of a living being) unable to produce young, or (of land) unable to produce plants or crops
vacate
to leave a room, building, chair, etc. so that it is available for other people
syn.) abandon, evactuate, void
buffer
to provide protection against harm
syn.) protect, cushion
startified
arranged in separate layers
syn.) layered
agitated
worried or angry
syn.) turbulent, violent, tumultuous
appraisal
the act of examing some or something in order to judge their or its qualities, success, or needs
syn.) evaluation, assessment, estimation
erroneous
wrong or galse
syn.) wrong, incorrect, mistaken, false
eg.) All of the team agreed that it was an erroneous conclusion.
partisan
strongly supporting a person, principle, or political party, often without considering or judging the matter very carefully
syn.) proponent, supporter, advocate, adherent
dissipate
to (cause to) gradually diappear or waste
syn.) disperse, scatter, spread, disseminate
disseminate
to spread or give out something, especially news, information, ideas, etc.., to a lot of people
eg.) One of the organization’s aim is to disseminate information about the disease.
adjacent
very near, next to, or touching
eg.) In addition to the World Trade Center, adjacent buildings were damaged on 9/11.
assimilate
to become part of a group, counrty, society, etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group, country, society etc.
cf.) absorb, take in, digest
eg.) The research indicates thet the human mind can assimilate languages most repidly before the age of seven.
surmise
to guess something, without having much or any proof
cf.) infer, guess, speculate, suspect
eg.) Without any hard evidenct to rely upon, researchers can only surmise how the death of King Tutankhamen occurred.
endorse
to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone
cf.) support, subscribe, back, advpcate
eg.) The majority of British politicians endorsed the prime minister’s decision to go to war.
assail
to attack someone violently or criticize someone strongly
eg.) The victim had been assailed with repeated blows to the head and body.
deft
adroit
vestige
ponder
strew
encapsulate
jeopardy
paramount
unwiedly
ephemeral
fascilitate
exude
reciprocity
interplay
antecede
forerun
arid
parached
article
scrutiny
recompense
rudiments
clumsy
bind
turmoil
agitation
