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toefl preparation > rank C > Flashcards

rank C Flashcards

1
Q

replenish

A

to fill something up again
syn.) refill, restore, renew

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2
Q

substantiate

A

to support a claim with facts, or to show something to be true
syn.) confirm, prove, authenticate, verify

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3
Q

strenuous

A

needing or using a lot of physical or material effort or energy
syn.) intense, arduous, laborious

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4
Q

arduous

A

difficult, needing a lot of effort and energy

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5
Q

sleek

A

smooth, shiny and therefore looking well cared for
cf.) smooth, silky

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6
Q

subdue

A

to bring a person or group under control by using force
cf.) defeat, conquer, vanquish
eg.) Police say they have a range of methods available to them to subdue a person during a confrontation.

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7
Q

vanquish

A

to defeat an enemy or opponent, especially in war

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8
Q

sedentary

A

involving little exercise or physical activity
syn.) stationary, settled
eg.) My doctor says I should start playing sport because my lifestyle is too sedentary.

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9
Q

unrivaled

A

having no equal; better than any other of the same type
syn.) unequaled, unparelleled, matchless, peerless

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10
Q

contour

A

the shape of a mass of land or other object, especially its curved surfave or the curved shape formed by its outer edge
syn.) outline

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11
Q

irrevocably

A

in a way that is impossible to change
syn.) permanently, irreversibly, irretrievably

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12
Q

stunted

A

prevented from growing or developing to the usual size
syn.) underdeveloped, hindered, hampered
eg.) A few stunted trees were the only vegetation visible.

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13
Q

malleable

A

a malleable substance is easily changed into a new shape
syn.) flexible

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14
Q

encroachment

A

the act of gradually taking away someone else’s right, or taking control of someone’s time, work, etc…
syn.) (gradual) invation, intrusion
eg.) The new censorship laws are serious encroachments on freedom of expression.

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15
Q

earmark

A

to keep or intend something for a particular purpuse
syn) distribute, allot, allocate, designate
eg.) Five billion dollars of this year’s budget is already earmarked for hospital improvements.

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16
Q

prolific

A

producing a great number or amount of something
syn) fertile, fruitful, productive, abundant
eg.) He was probably the most prolific songwriter of his generation.

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17
Q

gauge

A

to calculate an amount, especially by using a measuring device
syn.) judgem assess, evaluate, appraise

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18
Q

engrave

A

to cut words, pictures, or patterns into the surfave of metal, stone, etc.
syn.) carve, incise, etch
eg.) The bracelet was engraved with his name and date of birth.

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19
Q

etch

A

to cut a pattern, picture etc. into a smooth surface, especially on metal or glass, using acid or a sharp instrument.
syn.) carve, incise, engrave
eg.) He etched his name on a piece of glass.

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20
Q

optimize

A

to make something as good as possible
syn.) make the best use of
eg.) We need to optimize our use of the existing technology.

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21
Q

supplant

A

to replace
syn.) replace, substitute, displace, supersede
eg.) Printed books will soon be supplanted by e-books.

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22
Q

supersede

A

to replace something, especially something older or more old-fashioned
syn.) replace, supplant, displace, substitute
eg.) Most of the old road has been superseded by the great interstate highways.

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23
Q

colossal

A

extremely large
syn.) enormous, monstrous, gigantic
eg.) They were asking a colossal amount of money for the house.

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24
Q

emanate

A

to express a quality or feeling through the way that you look and behave
syn.) emerge, spring, originate
eg.) Her face emanated sadness.

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25
Q

sporadically

A

sometimes, but not regularly or continuously
syn.) occasioncally, at intervals, infrequently
eg.) Fighting continued throughout the afternoon and sporadically into Friday night.

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26
Q

stamp something out

A

to get rid of something that is wrong or harmful
syn.) eliminate, eradicate, extirpate
eg.) The new legislation is intended to stamp out child prostitution.

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27
Q

eradicate

A

to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad
syn.) stamp sth out, eliminate, extirpate
eg.) The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.

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28
Q

extirpate

A

to remove or destroy something completely
syn.) stamp sth out, eliminate, eradicate
eg.) The maintenance of barn owls in this area where terrestrial predators of rodents have been widely extirpated should be encouraged.

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29
Q

stagnation

A

a situation in which something stays the same and does not grow and develop
syn.) low growth, downturn

30
Q

obsolete

A

not use any more, having been replaced by something newer and better or more fashionable
syn.) out of date, outdated, unused, out of use

31
Q

stipulate

A

to say exactly how something must be or must be done
syn.) specify, define, state
eg.) State laws stipulate that public education be free.

32
Q

entail

A

to make something necessary, ot to involve something
syn.) involve, cause,require, demand
eg.) Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk.

33
Q

ascendency

A

a position of power, strength, or success
syn.) supremacy, dominance, predominance
eg.) They are in danger of losing their political ascendancy (= controlling power).

34
Q

ravage

A

to cause great damage to something
syn.) destroy, demolish devastate, ruin
eg.) The area has been ravaged by drought/floods/war.

35
Q

discrepancy

A

a difference between two things that should be the same
syn.) inconsistency, disparity, dissimilarity
eg.) There is some discrepancy between the two accounts.

36
Q

cogent

A

A cogent argument, reason, etc. is clearly expressed and persuades people to believe it.
syn.) convincing, compelling
eg.) Such timing events are used to assemble cogent hypotheses about ribosome origins and thereby obtain insights into this very early phase in biological evolution.

37
Q

discrepant

A

showing a difference between two things that should be the same
syn.) contradictory, incompatible
eg.) These findings are discrepant with data from several other studies.

38
Q

remnant

A

a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger original piece or amount
syn.) residue, remains, remainder

39
Q

astounding

A

very surprising or shocking
syn.) astonishing, incredible, amazing

40
Q

intermittently

A

in a way that does not happen regularly or with periods in between
syn.) occasionally, periodically
eg,) In eastern north America, it rains intermittently throughout the year.

41
Q

exorbitant

A

Exorbitant prices, demands, etc. are much too large.
syn,) inordinate, excessive, undue

42
Q

undue

A

to a level that is more than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable
eg,) Such a high increase will impose an undue burden on the local tax payer.

43
Q

embodiment

A

(the embodiment of sth) someone or something that represents a a quality or an idea exactly
eg.) The demigod Hercules from Greek mythology is the embodiment of masculinity.

44
Q

epitome

A

(the epitome of something) the typical or highest example of a stated quality, as shown by a particular person or thing
eg.) Even now in her sixties, she is the epitomw of French elegance.

45
Q

surmise

A

a guess
syn.) spectlation, conjecture, supposition
eg.) The article is pure surmise and innuendo.

46
Q

captivating

A

holding your attention by being extremely interesting, exciting, pleasant or attractive
syn.) fascinating, extremely attractive, enthralling

47
Q

enthralling

A

keeping someone’s interest and attention completly

48
Q

constellation

A

a group of famous or admired people all together in one place
eg.) Jerusalem is a city that is known for the constellation of cultures.

49
Q

unconsolidated

A

relating to or involving the separate financial accounts or results of each company in a group, not combined with the others
syn.) loose, inconheret

50
Q

disputatious

A

liking to argue and disagree, or arguing and disagreement a lot

51
Q

contentious

A

causing, involving, or likely to cause disagreement and argument

52
Q

manifold

A

many and of several different types
eg.) Despite her manifold faults, she was a strong leader.
syn.) diverse, varied, various

53
Q

eerie

A

strange in a frightening and mysterious way
eg.) He had the eerie feeling that he had met this stranger before.
syn.) odd, strange

54
Q

tenuous

A

A tenuous connection, idea, or situation is weak and possibly does not exist

55
Q

eradicate

A

to get rig of sth completely or destroy sth bad
syn.) remove, root up, extirpate, eliminate
eg.) The US spends $50 billlion per year trying to eradicate drug use.

56
Q

extirpate

A

to remove or destroy sth completely

57
Q

lodge

A

to become stuch in a piece or position
syn.) embed, implant
eg.) The meteor flew in from outer space lodged in the rock.

58
Q

gather momentum

A

to became faster, stronger, etc
eg.) Business at the new book shop was slow at first, but soon it started to gather momentum.

59
Q

arid

A

very dry and without enough rain for plants

60
Q

sterile

A

(of a living being) unable to produce young, or (of land) unable to produce plants or crops

61
Q

vacate

A

to leave a room, building, chair, etc. so that it is available for other people
syn.) abandon, evactuate, void

62
Q

buffer

A

to provide protection against harm
syn.) protect, cushion

63
Q

startified

A

arranged in separate layers
syn.) layered

64
Q

agitated

A

worried or angry
syn.) turbulent, violent, tumultuous

65
Q

appraisal

A

the act of examing some or something in order to judge their or its qualities, success, or needs
syn.) evaluation, assessment, estimation

66
Q

erroneous

A

wrong or galse
syn.) wrong, incorrect, mistaken, false
eg.) All of the team agreed that it was an erroneous conclusion.

67
Q

partisan

A

strongly supporting a person, principle, or political party, often without considering or judging the matter very carefully
syn.) proponent, supporter, advocate, adherent

68
Q

dissipate

A

to (cause to) gradually diappear or waste
syn.) disperse, scatter, spread, disseminate

69
Q

disseminate

A

to spread or give out something, especially news, information, ideas, etc.., to a lot of people
eg.) One of the organization’s aim is to disseminate information about the disease.

70
Q

adjacent

A

very near, next to, or touching
eg.) In addition to the World Trade Center, adjacent buildings were damaged on 9/11.

toefl preparation (2 decks)

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