Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Laura ESA2 - To remember > Random Things To Remember > Flashcards

Random Things To Remember Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common sites that a tumour can metastasise to bone from?

A

Kidney, thyroid, prostate, Breast and bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does a carcinoma spread?

A

Fost by the lymphatics, then via the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does a sarcoma spread?

A

By the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do platelets produce which is proangiogenic?

A

VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is angiogenesis inhibited by?

A

Radiation - link - cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 processes of cell regeneration exploited by cancer cells?

A

Angiogenesis and contact inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

A specialised tissue only seen in areas of chronic inflammation and fibrous repair, in response to local hypoxia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the components of granulation tissue?

A

Myo/fibroblasts
Blood vessels
Extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does it mean if the edges of a wound are opposed?

A

They are close to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are examples of thrombin inhibitors?

A

Anti-thrombin 3
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Protein C/S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does heparin act?

A

It is a co factor for anti thrombin 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does oral warfarin act?

A

It interferes with synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, but has a slower effect than heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give an example of a widely used fibrinolytic therapy and how it works.

A

Streptokinase. It activates plasminogen, converting it to plasmin. Plasmin causing the breakdown of fibrin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is virchow’s triad?

A

It states that thrombosis depends on 3 things:

Changes in blood flow, changes in vessel wall and changes in blood components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the outcomes of thrombosis?

A 
LORPE
Lysis
Organisation
Recanalisation
Propogation
Embolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do fat embolisms most commonly occur?

A

Due to fractures of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the most common causes of cerebral embolisms?

A

Atrial fibrillation - stasis - thrombus.

If in left heart, can go to the brain and cause a stroke or TIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the most common sites of blood metastasis?

A

Bone, liver, kidney, lungs, brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does increased rate of proliferation occur?

A

By shortening the cell cycle

Conversion of quiescent cells to proliferating cells

20
Q

What is the role of checkpoints?

A

They aim to prevent abnormalities in newly formed daughter cells.
Without checkpoints metaplasia and dysplasia would be much more common, leading to a greater likelihood of cancerous formation

21
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated?

A

By cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases

22
Q

What stimulates the production of cyclins?

A

Many growth factors

23
Q

What regulates the formation of CDk-cyclin complexes?

A

CDK inhibitors. These inhibitors can be shut off by various growth factors

24
Q

What is the most commonly altered checkpoint of the cell cycle in cancer cells?

A

The checkpoint between G1 and S

25
Q

If the checkpoint between G1 and S is activated what happens?

A

The cell cycle is delayed and this triggers the DNA repair mechanisms or cell apoptosis via the p53 protein.

26
Q

What is hyperplasia? What type of cell populations can it occur in?

A

Increase in cell number

Labile and stable populations

27
Q

What is the difference between hyperplasia and neoplasia?

A

Hyperplasia is a normal process. Abnormal conditions but a normal response.
Neoplasia is an abnormal growth of cells.

28
Q

What is the difference between pathological and physiological hypertrophy?

A

Pathological is due to disease where as physiological is due to normal body function.

29
Q

Why can hyperplasia lead to cancer?

A

Because it can become neoplasia or repeated mutations can accumulate

30
Q

Give an example of pathological and physiological hypertophy.

A

Pathological-cardiac muscle in response to hypertension

Physiological-skeletal muscle growth or a pregnant uterus.

31
Q

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?

A 
ALARMS
Angiogenesis
Limitless division
Apoptosis resistance
Resistance to growth stop signals
Metastasise
Self sufficiency of growth signals
32
Q

What are the 2 main differences between liquefactive and coagulation necrosis?

A

Liquefactive is caused by enzyme release and the cellular architecture is lost.
Coagulative is caused by protein denaturation and the cellular architecture is maintained.

33
Q

What type of process is apoptosis?

A

It is an active process. ATP is required.

34
Q

What are the 3 stages of apoptosis?

A

Initiation, execution, degradation and phagocytosis

35
Q

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic methods of initiation of apoptosis?

A

Intrinsic-DNA damage is detected by p53 proteins which induce apoptosis
Extrinsic - death signal ps such as TRAIL and FAS bind to death receptors in the cell.

36
Q

What are the enzymes called that mediate the cellular effects of apoptosis?

A

Caspases

37
Q

What are the 2 main cell types in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

38
Q

What is the main role of lymphocytes

A

They present antigens and secrete antibodies

39
Q

When assessing differentiation what are some of the features you look T?

A

Nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Presence of mitotic figures
Nuclear pleomorphism

40
Q

What effect does NA have on myocardial cells?

A

Increases opening of Ca2+ channels.

Increases affinity of pumps in the SR so increases store of Ca2+

41
Q

Why are individuals whose coronary blood flow is compromised treated with beta adrenoreceptor antagonists? What effect do these drugs have on the heart at rest/when the individual is excited or stressed?

A

Beta adrenoceptor antagonists reduce the heart rate, force of contracion and therefore the workload of the heart when the individual is excited or stressed. There is no effect at rest because the SNS is not active.

42
Q

What type of channels do anaesthetics block?

A

Inactivated fast Na+ channels.

43
Q

What are the different ECG changes seen during a STEMI ahpnd what causes each of them?

A

T wave inversion: Ischaemia
ST segment elevation: Injury
Q waves: necrosis, present after MI

44
Q

What drugs are used to treat heart failure?

A 
BAD OCC
beta blockers
Ace inhibitors
Diuretics
Organic nitrates
Cardiac glycosides
Ca2+ channel blockers
45
Q

Why can bone fracture cause fat embolisms?

A

Because yellow bone marrow is fat storage so fat is released when bone marrow is broken.

46
Q

When ACh binds to M2 receptors what is the effect?

A

Decreases the production of adenylyl cyclase when increases the opening of K+ channels. Slowing if cardiac pacemaker cells.

47
Q

Normally, what is the side effect of stimulated adenylyl cyclase receptors?

A

Hydrolyses ATP to cAMP which stimulates production of PKA.

PKA phosphorylates many kinases.

Laura ESA2 - To remember (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions