Random Terms Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
Learning to associate between two stimuli, leading to a change in response to a neutral stimulus. Conditioning occurs when neutral stimulus is blue to elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus
What is operant conditioning?
Causes voluntary changes in behaviour to a stimulus in 2 ways: reinforcement or punishment
What role does “reinforcement” have in operant conditioning?
Encourages behaviour
What role does “punishment” have in operant conditioning?
Decreasing behaviour
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive: addition of stimulus to encourage behaviour
Negative: removing something desirable to encourage behaviour
What is continuous reinforcement?
Fastest way to establish a learned response, organism is reinforced every time response produced
What is partial reinforcement?
Most sustainable way to establish a learned response, reinforcement of behavrour occurs only some of the time
What are the 4 types of partial reinforcement?
Fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio
What are the types of punishment?
Positive and negative
What is positive punishment?
A negative consequence is added to discourage on undesired behavour
What is negative punishment?
Taking away something desirable to discourage undesired behaviour
What is extinction?
When a behaviour to a stimulus is no longer reinforced, the learned behavour can gradually disappear
What is spontaneous recovery?
The re-emergence of a previously extinct response to a conditioned stimuli
What is habituation?
Decreased response to a stimulus as it keeps being presented (over time, reaction to movie jump scares decreases)
What is dishabituation?
Responding to a habituated stimuli as if it were novel, occurs when a stimulus to habituated response disappears for a while
What is sensitization?
The opposite of habituation, increased response to a stimulus as keeps being presented
What is stimulus generalization?
Stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
What is stimulus discrimination?
Learning to distinguish between two similar stimuli
What is achieved status?
One who earns their social status through their own achievements
What is ascribed status?
When one inherits their position on the social hierarchy
What is social status?
Melding of achieved and ascribed status - so, earned and born in to, influence eachother
What is master status?
Describes the status of greatest importance in particular person’s life (ex; race, religion, gender, etc)
What is observational learning?
Result of watching and mimicking the actions of others, thought to be driven by mirror neurons
What is preparedness?
Phenomenon that describes when an organism learns a behaviour similar to what it is naturally predisposed to do