Random Stuff Flashcards
What is the central nervous system?
CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord
What does the brain include?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Deep brain structures
Brainstem
What is the peripheral nervous system?
PNS is composed of all nervous system structures outside of the CNS that connect the CNS to the body
PNS innervation?
PNS provides innervation to the skin, muscles, and organs of the body through its somatic and autonomic subdivisions
What are ganglia?
Ganglia are collections of neurons (cell bodies and processes) with a common function.
What are cranial nerves?
Nerves that emerge from the brain stem
Gray matter
designates area in the CNS consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies (and dendrites) which are clustered in various arrays.
nuclei
this term does not refer to the nucleus of a cell, but rather to specific regions of gray matter where groups of neuron cell bodies are often fxnally related
white matter
in the cerebrum, it is deep to the cortical gray matter. contains many myelinated axons which transmit information from one location to another.
cortex
layered surface that covers some par of the CNS (i.e. the external mantle of the cerebellum or cerebrum
gyri/bumps (cerebral cortex)
folia (cerebellum)
accommodate the increases in the surface of the cerebral cortex
pathways and tracts
myelinated axons that generally have long trajectories
tracts
individual segment of a pathway that arises from a cell body in one location and terminates on a target in another location
structures containing tracts and fiber bundles in the CNS white matter are referred to as…
fasciculi (little bundles)
funiculi (strings)
peduncles (little feet), lemnisci (ribbons)
columns, or projections.
decussations
axon bundles that cross midline going from a location on one side to a different location on the contralateral side.
commissures
axon bundles that cross midline but connect comparable locations.
modality
the type of information being conveyed along a pathway.
referes to sensory pathways that show sensitivity to a particular stimulus based on the associated neuronal receptors
peripheral nerves
collections of axons, bounden up in connective tissue sheaths, which course to or from areas such as skin, muscle, glands or viscera
sagittal plane
This plane divides the brain into symmetrical halves. Parasagittal
planes are parallel to the sagittal plane.
frontal or coronal plane
Perpendicular to the sagittal plane and parallel to the long axis of the body (e.g. a vertical plane passing through both ears)
Horizontal, Transverse, Axial
Perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes and perpendicular to the long axis of the body.
reason that terms such as anterior, dorsal and rostral change their meaning…
change in terminology related to embryologic development of the nervous system.
there is an approximately 80 degree bend between the long axis of the spinal cord and brainstem and the long axis of the cerebrum.
CT (CAT) Scans (computerized axial tomography):
data acquisition and views are “axial” - i.e. transverse to rostral-caudal axis of spine
MRI Scans (magnetic resonance imaging modes)
3D data arrays can reconstruct views in any plane or permit 3D modeling.
standard cerebral MRI views
coronal/frontal
horizontal
saggital
standard brainstem and spinal cord MRI views
transverse/axial views
longitudinal (sagital or frontal views)
corpus callosum
interconnects two hemispheres by interhemispheric commissural fibers (axons)
four major lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal. there is a fifth insular lobe buried deep to the lateral fissure.
central sulcus
separate frontal and parietal lobe
