random shit Flashcards
1
Q
barriers with diffusion can be classified in terms of _______
A
physical/natural
2
Q
Distance decay
A
The further away from source, the lower the incidince of diffusion
3
Q
What is diffusion
A
Diffusion is the spread of something more widely (ex. innovation or disease)
4
Q
Expansion diffusion
A
Spreads from 1 place to another, weaker in new areas and intenser in original area
5
Q
Relocation diffusion
A
Spatial/geographic process. The disease/innovation leaves the area.
6
Q
Network diffusion
A
When the thing spreads through transport and social networks
7
Q
Contagious diffusion
A
spread through direct contact, mostly for diseases, heavily affected by distance
8
Q
What is an example of expansion diffusion?
A
H1N1 Flue
9
Q
What is an example of Relocation diffusion?
A
Migration, HIV, Measles
10
Q
What is an example of Network diffusion
A
HIV spreading through importnat transport routes.
11
Q
Hierarchical diffusion
A
Spread through an ordered sequence of classes or places. Cascades from large to small
12
Q
What is an example of Hierarchical diffusion?
A
Spread from large city to small remote village.
13
Q
Distance Decay
A
BARRIER. Further away from source, lower the incidence rate
14
Q
Rural peripheries
A
BARRIER. Affect certain diseases. Remote so unlikely many will be affected
15
Q
Mountainous regions
A
NATURAL BARRIER. Ocean and mountains restrict/contain people.
16
Q
Regions of extreme climate
A
BARRIER. Small in and out migration, spread is less likely
17
Q
Socio - Political structure.
A
HUMAN MEASURE. Restricts and prevent migrations. At high risk times, can close border entirely.
18
Q
Management
A
HUMAN MEASURE. Directly related to how it’s spread. Isolation, set of measures to prevent further spread.
19
Q
What is an example of Socio-political structure.
A
US immigration preventing passage to people with infectiou disease
20
Q
What is an example of management
A
H1N1 flue, measures implemented by UK to stop spread.
21
Q
Agricultural innovation
A
Diffusion of innovation, modernized and improved throughout history. Ancient civilizations built on the back of agricultural innovation.
22
Q
Give an example of Mechanization innovation in Agriculture
A
Automation of seed fertilization and planting.
23
Q
Give an example of Technology innovation in Agriculture
A
Better tech making crops and growth easier to facilitate.
24
Q
Give an example of Economy of scale innovation in Agriculture
A
A lot cheaper to start a farm.
25
Give an example of Type of seed innovation in Agriculture
Better crop types = more yield per grop.
26
Give an example of Inputs - water innovation in Agriculture
Able to get water from elsewhere, not just where you are meaning that land you can farm is more
27
Give an example of Inputs innovation in Agriculture
Huge spending on agricultural innovation and growth
28
Where did large scale dam construction begin?
On Coastal regions. Japans + US + Canada.
29
Which countries started building more dams in the 20th century?
Europe, Mid - west america, Asia.
30
Which countries have been making more dams recently.
China and India.
31
Which regions have the most large capacity dams.
North America and Asia.
32
In what regions are dams being built?
Coastline, all over globe.
33
What does dam construction illustrate?
Technological diffusion. Spread from one area to everywhere.
34
How does diffusion spread.
Large to Large
Large to Medium
Large and Medium to Small
35
Vector - borne disease
Infectious disease spread through, tick, disease, etc.
36
What are examples of vector borne diseases?
Lyme disease, west - nile virus, malaria
37
Water - Borne disease
Found in water, when we do things with water we become infected.
38
What are examples of water - Borne diseases.
Cholera, Diarrhea, dysentry
39
How is Cholera transmitted
Oral - Fecal route?
40
What are the symptoms of Cholera?
Most cases, no symptoms or diarrhea. Sometimes, diarrhea can be extreme.
41
How do you cure cholera?
rehydration and sometimes an IV drip.
42
What are preemptive solution to cholar
Clean drinking water and a vaccine.
43
Zombie infections.
Infection from frozen, dead body that thawed and is now out again.
44
How is malaria spread?
A vector - Borne disease from mosquito
45
_____________ from mosquito borne disease
Millions of people die each year
46
Where are mosquito borne diseases most prominent
Sub - Saharan africa, but can be all over the world.
47
What is an example of how diseases have spread because of global warming.
Aedes aegypti.
48
What death increase has been related to weather?
Fecal - Oral gastrointestinal disease
Vector-Borne illness
Skin and soft tissue disease.
Typhoid fever.
Shigellosis
Enteropathogenic E.coli
Non-typhoidal salmonella
Leptospirosis
49
for every 1C increase, hospital admissions increase how much?
Increase of 8%
50
What is an examples of how temperature change affects disease
Temperature change = survival of pathogen
Prolongation of mosquito season = higher risk of Zika virus.
51
Which region has been more nourished in recent years.
Africa (sub -saharan)
52
What has been the trend with undernourishment?
General decrease over time, increase past few years to 663 million.
53
Why has malnourishment been on the rise?
More conflict
Compounded by climate relate factors.
54
How is food deficit measured
Depth of food deficit
55
What is the depth of food deficit
Measure of how intense undernourishment is
56
How is depth of food deficit measure.
Estimate # of calories the individual needs to balance caloric intake. Measured in Kilocalories per day.
57
How is undernourishment and undernutrition measured in children.
Stunting
Wasting
Underweight.
58
Stunting.
'Too short' for one's age
59
Wasting
'Too dangerously thin' for one's age
60
Underweight.
Low weight for age.
61
Global under index
Assess the multidimensional nature of hunger.
62
What are the 4 key indicators of the Global Hunger Index
Undernourishment
Child Wasting
Child Stunting
Child Mortaility
63
What are the measurements for the Global Hunger Index?
50< = Extremely alarming
35 - 40 = Alarming
20 - 35 = Serious
10 - 20 = Moderate
0 - 10 = Low
64
Food insecurity.
Situation where people lack access to sufficient amounts of safe and healthy food for growth.
65
How is food insecurity measured?
Food Insecurity Index (FIES)
66
What are factors contributing to the Food Insecurity Index?
Availability of affordable food.
Quality + Quantity of food.
67
What is the link between poverty and hunger?
Generally, the more hungry you are = the more impoverished you are.
68
How much crop do we lose per 1 Degree of warming?
For every 1 degree of warming, lose 10% crop yield.
69
What are the predictions for the end of the 21st century?
Around 50% more people, but 50% less food.
70
How much grain is needed for 1 pound of hamburger meat?
8 pounds of grain for 1 pound of meat
71
What is most of our calories?
Grain + Soy + corn = 66% of our calories
72
How does warming affect growing wheat?
Warming makes some places ok but destroys a bunch of other places.
At 4 degrees of warming, US corn production cut by 50%
Every country loses 20%
73
How does carbon affect CO2 in atmosphere?
More carbon = Bigger leaves worse at absorbing CO2, around 6.39 billion more tons of CO2 in the atmosphere.
74
How will soil be affected by change?
It takes a long time to produce arable soil, so more will be lost to erosion than made from warming.
75
What is the 20th century agricultural boom
From 50% of humans in poverty to 10%
From 30% malnourished to 10%
76
Normal Borlaug.
Made a new collection of high yield, disease resistant crops
Saved about 1 billion people.
77
Carrying capacity.
How many people an environment can support before collapsing from overuse.
Governed by other systems too.
78
Climate change is NOT a _____________
Simple input and set of conditions.
79
Climate change IS ____________
An all encompassing stage for other challenges.
80
How are CO2 emissions linked to social progress.
More CO2 emissions = More progress.
81
Climate Justice
Just and fair distribution and sharing of benefits and burdens of climate change.
82
How many emissions does food production emit.
1/3 of global emissions.
83
How much meat + dairy consumptions must we lose?
Cut consumption in half by 2050
84
it is _____ to think about these trade offs, they are _______
HARD to think about trade offs, they are INTEGRAL to our lives.
85
What is the unanimous prediction for the future?
A bunch of droughts will happen.
86
How much would cognitive ability decrease by?
2% per 930ppm of CO2
87
What are the amounts in ppm inside buildings?
1000ppm average, 3000ppm in 25% of places.
88
How do droughts relate to bad air?
More droughts = Worse air.
89
How does heat relate to bad air?
More heat = More ozone = More dangerous air?
90
How many people die each day fro air pollution?
10000
91
What is the relation to places with Lead Paint and Gasoline?
More disability and criminality
less earnings
Less education?
92
What is an example of bad air pollution affecting the country?
In China, Clean air = 13% up verbal, 8% up math.
In 2013, Artic melting remodeled Asian weather, Air Quality Index = BAD FOR CHINA.
93
How much of the population is breathing in bad air?
95%
94
How many die from air pollution
1/6
95
How many fish in indonesia and california have microplastic?
1/4
96
What are some indicators of health and global patterns in nutrition?
Diet, Food Security, Food availability, Phyical health.
97
How can Diet be interpreted as an Indicator of global health?
Protein and Caloric Intake.
98
What is the main hunger indicator used by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (UNFAO)
Prevalence of under nourishment as a share of the population.
99
How is the Prevalanece of under nourishment measured?
Share of people whose caloric intake is insufficient to meet minimum energy requirment.
100
What is a trend linked to undernourishment?
Big increase in sub-saharan africa.
More conflict = More malnutrition.
Small increase in malnutrition in North America and Middle East.
101
What is the biggest reason for famine?
Conflict.
102
Life expectancy is a _________
Key metric for assessing health
103
What can Life Expectancy let us do?
Come to a conclusion about someone's general health based on the country.
104
What are patterns of Life Expectancy?
Less on african + asian continent.
Richer western continent has higher expectancy.
105
Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE)
Life Expectancy after adjusting for los of life due to disease and injury.
106
Farming as a system
Farming can be looked at as a system with inputs, outputs, and processes.
107
Human Inputs on farming
Things that are built/made by humans + added to a farm
108
What are some examples of human inputs?
Machinery
Fertilizer/Pesticide
Labour-Workers
Building barn, fences, silos
109
What is pattern 1 of the nutrition transition
Eats plants and animals
Hunter gatherer society
Labour intensive
Low fertility, low life expectancy
Water Drink
110
What is pattern 2 of the nutrition transition
Settlements begin
Early agriculture (monoculture, one crop)
Cereal dominate
Water drink
Labour intensive
High fertility, High mortality, low life expetancY
Stage 1 of demographic transitiona model
111
What is pattern 3 of the nutrition transition
Industrialization
Foods --> Starchy, fruits, vegetables,
Labour intensive --> Work life + Home life
Weaning
Child stunting
Slow decline in mortality
falling birth rate + death reate
112
What is pattern 4 of the nutrition transition
non communicable disease
Fat + sugar
Processed food
Overeating
Access to caloric dense foods
Living longer
people less active
113
What is pattern 5 of the nutrition transition
Behavioural changes
individuals + communities change in behavior to compensate for obesity - related disease
dissuades high fat, sugary drinks, etc.
114
What are the three parts of the epidemelogical transition?
Pessilence and famine
Receding pandemics
Degenerative disease
115
Future transition, Resistence to antibiotics.
Antibiotics in livestock, too many antibiotics, diseases become resistence
Microbes are REALLY GOOD at adapting
116
Future transition, increase emergence of novel zoonautic infections
infectious jump on from animal to human
Likely more infectious disease + more displacement.
117
Physical inputs on farming
Natural things found on/added to a farm
118
Processes on farming
processes that turn inputs to outputs.
119
outputs
Produce from farm + often sold
120
What has been the trend in caloric supply
increase in global caloric supply
Increase in production.
121
MDEC
Minimum dietary energy requirment
122
CU
Coefficient of variation of habitual caloric consumption distribution
123
Protein supply
Per capita protein supply increase.
Distribution of protein supply has become more unequal
124
fat supply
per capita fat supply increase
Regional differences in supply are largest
125
Link b/w food supply + prosperity
Strong correlation b/w per capita food supplies
daily per capita supply of calories, proteins and fats increase with economic growth
Rise begins to slow at higher - income levels
126
Impact of food supplies on undernourishment
Lower caloric supply = higher rate of undernourishment.
127
Vitro
Lab grown
128
Pastorism
using tech to herd animals.
