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CGF3MB-01 > random shit > Flashcards

random shit Flashcards

1
Q

barriers with diffusion can be classified in terms of _______

A

physical/natural

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2
Q

Distance decay

A

The further away from source, the lower the incidince of diffusion

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3
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is the spread of something more widely (ex. innovation or disease)

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4
Q

Expansion diffusion

A

Spreads from 1 place to another, weaker in new areas and intenser in original area

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5
Q

Relocation diffusion

A

Spatial/geographic process. The disease/innovation leaves the area.

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6
Q

Network diffusion

A

When the thing spreads through transport and social networks

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7
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

spread through direct contact, mostly for diseases, heavily affected by distance

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8
Q

What is an example of expansion diffusion?

A

H1N1 Flue

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9
Q

What is an example of Relocation diffusion?

A

Migration, HIV, Measles

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10
Q

What is an example of Network diffusion

A

HIV spreading through importnat transport routes.

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11
Q

Hierarchical diffusion

A

Spread through an ordered sequence of classes or places. Cascades from large to small

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12
Q

What is an example of Hierarchical diffusion?

A

Spread from large city to small remote village.

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13
Q

Distance Decay

A

BARRIER. Further away from source, lower the incidence rate

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14
Q

Rural peripheries

A

BARRIER. Affect certain diseases. Remote so unlikely many will be affected

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15
Q

Mountainous regions

A

NATURAL BARRIER. Ocean and mountains restrict/contain people.

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16
Q

Regions of extreme climate

A

BARRIER. Small in and out migration, spread is less likely

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17
Q

Socio - Political structure.

A

HUMAN MEASURE. Restricts and prevent migrations. At high risk times, can close border entirely.

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18
Q

Management

A

HUMAN MEASURE. Directly related to how it’s spread. Isolation, set of measures to prevent further spread.

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19
Q

What is an example of Socio-political structure.

A

US immigration preventing passage to people with infectiou disease

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20
Q

What is an example of management

A

H1N1 flue, measures implemented by UK to stop spread.

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21
Q

Agricultural innovation

A

Diffusion of innovation, modernized and improved throughout history. Ancient civilizations built on the back of agricultural innovation.

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22
Q

Give an example of Mechanization innovation in Agriculture

A

Automation of seed fertilization and planting.

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23
Q

Give an example of Technology innovation in Agriculture

A

Better tech making crops and growth easier to facilitate.

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24
Q

Give an example of Economy of scale innovation in Agriculture

A

A lot cheaper to start a farm.

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25
Q

Give an example of Type of seed innovation in Agriculture

A

Better crop types = more yield per grop.

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26
Q

Give an example of Inputs - water innovation in Agriculture

A

Able to get water from elsewhere, not just where you are meaning that land you can farm is more

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27
Q

Give an example of Inputs innovation in Agriculture

A

Huge spending on agricultural innovation and growth

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28
Q

Where did large scale dam construction begin?

A

On Coastal regions. Japans + US + Canada.

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29
Q

Which countries started building more dams in the 20th century?

A

Europe, Mid - west america, Asia.

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30
Q

Which countries have been making more dams recently.

A

China and India.

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31
Q

Which regions have the most large capacity dams.

A

North America and Asia.

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32
Q

In what regions are dams being built?

A

Coastline, all over globe.

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33
Q

What does dam construction illustrate?

A

Technological diffusion. Spread from one area to everywhere.

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34
Q

How does diffusion spread.

A

Large to Large
Large to Medium
Large and Medium to Small

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35
Q

Vector - borne disease

A

Infectious disease spread through, tick, disease, etc.

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36
Q

What are examples of vector borne diseases?

A

Lyme disease, west - nile virus, malaria

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37
Q

Water - Borne disease

A

Found in water, when we do things with water we become infected.

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38
Q

What are examples of water - Borne diseases.

A

Cholera, Diarrhea, dysentry

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39
Q

How is Cholera transmitted

A

Oral - Fecal route?

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40
Q

What are the symptoms of Cholera?

A

Most cases, no symptoms or diarrhea. Sometimes, diarrhea can be extreme.

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41
Q

How do you cure cholera?

A

rehydration and sometimes an IV drip.

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42
Q

What are preemptive solution to cholar

A

Clean drinking water and a vaccine.

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43
Q

Zombie infections.

A

Infection from frozen, dead body that thawed and is now out again.

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44
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

A vector - Borne disease from mosquito

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45
Q

_____________ from mosquito borne disease

A

Millions of people die each year

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46
Q

Where are mosquito borne diseases most prominent

A

Sub - Saharan africa, but can be all over the world.

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47
Q

What is an example of how diseases have spread because of global warming.

A

Aedes aegypti.

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48
Q

What death increase has been related to weather?

A

Fecal - Oral gastrointestinal disease
Vector-Borne illness
Skin and soft tissue disease.
Typhoid fever.
Shigellosis
Enteropathogenic E.coli
Non-typhoidal salmonella
Leptospirosis

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49
Q

for every 1C increase, hospital admissions increase how much?

A

Increase of 8%

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50
Q

What is an examples of how temperature change affects disease

A

Temperature change = survival of pathogen
Prolongation of mosquito season = higher risk of Zika virus.

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51
Q

Which region has been more nourished in recent years.

A

Africa (sub -saharan)

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52
Q

What has been the trend with undernourishment?

A

General decrease over time, increase past few years to 663 million.

53
Q

Why has malnourishment been on the rise?

A

More conflict
Compounded by climate relate factors.

54
Q

How is food deficit measured

A

Depth of food deficit

55
Q

What is the depth of food deficit

A

Measure of how intense undernourishment is

56
Q

How is depth of food deficit measure.

A

Estimate # of calories the individual needs to balance caloric intake. Measured in Kilocalories per day.

57
Q

How is undernourishment and undernutrition measured in children.

A

Stunting
Wasting
Underweight.

58
Q

Stunting.

A

‘Too short’ for one’s age

59
Q

Wasting

A

‘Too dangerously thin’ for one’s age

60
Q

Underweight.

A

Low weight for age.

61
Q

Global under index

A

Assess the multidimensional nature of hunger.

62
Q

What are the 4 key indicators of the Global Hunger Index

A

Undernourishment
Child Wasting
Child Stunting
Child Mortaility

63
Q

What are the measurements for the Global Hunger Index?

A

50< = Extremely alarming
35 - 40 = Alarming
20 - 35 = Serious
10 - 20 = Moderate
0 - 10 = Low

64
Q

Food insecurity.

A

Situation where people lack access to sufficient amounts of safe and healthy food for growth.

65
Q

How is food insecurity measured?

A

Food Insecurity Index (FIES)

66
Q

What are factors contributing to the Food Insecurity Index?

A

Availability of affordable food.
Quality + Quantity of food.

67
Q

What is the link between poverty and hunger?

A

Generally, the more hungry you are = the more impoverished you are.

68
Q

How much crop do we lose per 1 Degree of warming?

A

For every 1 degree of warming, lose 10% crop yield.

69
Q

What are the predictions for the end of the 21st century?

A

Around 50% more people, but 50% less food.

70
Q

How much grain is needed for 1 pound of hamburger meat?

A

8 pounds of grain for 1 pound of meat

71
Q

What is most of our calories?

A

Grain + Soy + corn = 66% of our calories

72
Q

How does warming affect growing wheat?

A

Warming makes some places ok but destroys a bunch of other places.
At 4 degrees of warming, US corn production cut by 50%
Every country loses 20%

73
Q

How does carbon affect CO2 in atmosphere?

A

More carbon = Bigger leaves worse at absorbing CO2, around 6.39 billion more tons of CO2 in the atmosphere.

74
Q

How will soil be affected by change?

A

It takes a long time to produce arable soil, so more will be lost to erosion than made from warming.

75
Q

What is the 20th century agricultural boom

A

From 50% of humans in poverty to 10%
From 30% malnourished to 10%

76
Q

Normal Borlaug.

A

Made a new collection of high yield, disease resistant crops
Saved about 1 billion people.

77
Q

Carrying capacity.

A

How many people an environment can support before collapsing from overuse.
Governed by other systems too.

78
Q

Climate change is NOT a _____________

A

Simple input and set of conditions.

79
Q

Climate change IS ____________

A

An all encompassing stage for other challenges.

80
Q

How are CO2 emissions linked to social progress.

A

More CO2 emissions = More progress.

81
Q

Climate Justice

A

Just and fair distribution and sharing of benefits and burdens of climate change.

82
Q

How many emissions does food production emit.

A

1/3 of global emissions.

83
Q

How much meat + dairy consumptions must we lose?

A

Cut consumption in half by 2050

84
Q

it is _____ to think about these trade offs, they are _______

A

HARD to think about trade offs, they are INTEGRAL to our lives.

85
Q

What is the unanimous prediction for the future?

A

A bunch of droughts will happen.

86
Q

How much would cognitive ability decrease by?

A

2% per 930ppm of CO2

87
Q

What are the amounts in ppm inside buildings?

A

1000ppm average, 3000ppm in 25% of places.

88
Q

How do droughts relate to bad air?

A

More droughts = Worse air.

89
Q

How does heat relate to bad air?

A

More heat = More ozone = More dangerous air?

90
Q

How many people die each day fro air pollution?

A

10000

91
Q

What is the relation to places with Lead Paint and Gasoline?

A

More disability and criminality
less earnings
Less education?

92
Q

What is an example of bad air pollution affecting the country?

A

In China, Clean air = 13% up verbal, 8% up math.
In 2013, Artic melting remodeled Asian weather, Air Quality Index = BAD FOR CHINA.

93
Q

How much of the population is breathing in bad air?

A

95%

94
Q

How many die from air pollution

A

1/6

95
Q

How many fish in indonesia and california have microplastic?

A

1/4

96
Q

What are some indicators of health and global patterns in nutrition?

A

Diet, Food Security, Food availability, Phyical health.

97
Q

How can Diet be interpreted as an Indicator of global health?

A

Protein and Caloric Intake.

98
Q

What is the main hunger indicator used by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (UNFAO)

A

Prevalence of under nourishment as a share of the population.

99
Q

How is the Prevalanece of under nourishment measured?

A

Share of people whose caloric intake is insufficient to meet minimum energy requirment.

100
Q

What is a trend linked to undernourishment?

A

Big increase in sub-saharan africa.
More conflict = More malnutrition.
Small increase in malnutrition in North America and Middle East.

101
Q

What is the biggest reason for famine?

A

Conflict.

102
Q

Life expectancy is a _________

A

Key metric for assessing health

103
Q

What can Life Expectancy let us do?

A

Come to a conclusion about someone’s general health based on the country.

104
Q

What are patterns of Life Expectancy?

A

Less on african + asian continent.
Richer western continent has higher expectancy.

105
Q

Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE)

A

Life Expectancy after adjusting for los of life due to disease and injury.

106
Q

Farming as a system

A

Farming can be looked at as a system with inputs, outputs, and processes.

107
Q

Human Inputs on farming

A

Things that are built/made by humans + added to a farm

108
Q

What are some examples of human inputs?

A

Machinery
Fertilizer/Pesticide
Labour-Workers
Building barn, fences, silos

109
Q

What is pattern 1 of the nutrition transition

A

Eats plants and animals
Hunter gatherer society
Labour intensive
Low fertility, low life expectancy
Water Drink

110
Q

What is pattern 2 of the nutrition transition

A

Settlements begin
Early agriculture (monoculture, one crop)
Cereal dominate
Water drink
Labour intensive
High fertility, High mortality, low life expetancY
Stage 1 of demographic transitiona model

111
Q

What is pattern 3 of the nutrition transition

A

Industrialization
Foods –> Starchy, fruits, vegetables,
Labour intensive –> Work life + Home life
Weaning
Child stunting
Slow decline in mortality
falling birth rate + death reate

112
Q

What is pattern 4 of the nutrition transition

A

non communicable disease
Fat + sugar
Processed food
Overeating
Access to caloric dense foods
Living longer
people less active

113
Q

What is pattern 5 of the nutrition transition

A

Behavioural changes
individuals + communities change in behavior to compensate for obesity - related disease
dissuades high fat, sugary drinks, etc.

114
Q

What are the three parts of the epidemelogical transition?

A

Pessilence and famine
Receding pandemics
Degenerative disease

115
Q

Future transition, Resistence to antibiotics.

A

Antibiotics in livestock, too many antibiotics, diseases become resistence
Microbes are REALLY GOOD at adapting

116
Q

Future transition, increase emergence of novel zoonautic infections

A

infectious jump on from animal to human
Likely more infectious disease + more displacement.

117
Q

Physical inputs on farming

A

Natural things found on/added to a farm

118
Q

Processes on farming

A

processes that turn inputs to outputs.

119
Q

outputs

A

Produce from farm + often sold

120
Q

What has been the trend in caloric supply

A

increase in global caloric supply
Increase in production.

121
Q

MDEC

A

Minimum dietary energy requirment

122
Q

CU

A

Coefficient of variation of habitual caloric consumption distribution

123
Q

Protein supply

A

Per capita protein supply increase.
Distribution of protein supply has become more unequal

124
Q

fat supply

A

per capita fat supply increase
Regional differences in supply are largest

125
Q

Link b/w food supply + prosperity

A

Strong correlation b/w per capita food supplies
daily per capita supply of calories, proteins and fats increase with economic growth
Rise begins to slow at higher - income levels

126
Q

Impact of food supplies on undernourishment

A

Lower caloric supply = higher rate of undernourishment.

127
Q

Vitro

A

Lab grown

128
Q

Pastorism

A

using tech to herd animals.

CGF3MB-01 (10 decks)

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